Supplement 1. The R codes that were used for simulating random, moderately aggregated, and highly aggregated distributions of tree species shown in Fig. 2.

PointPattern.r (MD5: d2d4e64959a48dff9d7e6e0d538384bc)

The R codes that were used for simulating random, moderately aggregated, and highly aggregated distributions of tree species shown in Fig. 2. The Thomas point process in function “rThomas” in R package spatstat was used to generate the spatial distributions. The abundance of each species in the three simulated forests was the same as the observed abundance in the Pasoh forest in Malaysia. There were 814 species and total of 323 262 stems. The Pasoh abundance data is enclosed below at the end of the program.