METADATA
INTRODUCTION
Understanding large-scale patterns of species diversity and abundance, and determinants of those patterns, requires long-term, taxonomically broad sampling. Seasonal and annual variation may differentially affect different organisms, thus requiring such a large-scale approach. Revealing the processes underlying the patterns of diversity and abundance are especially crucial as recent anthropogenic changes to global climate may be altering such processes in unknown ways. Recent studies highlighting alterations in organismal distributions due to recent global changes demonstrate this need for long-term monitoring of species diversity and abundance (Parmesan and Yohe 2003, Root et al. 2003). However, few, if any, long-term data of this type are available for any taxa. It is imperative to have thorough geographical and temporal sampling of organismal diversity to understand how land-use and global climate changes may affect species diversity, abundance, and phenology.
Butterflies are often used as indicators of ecosystem health and, at larger scales, to assess biotic response to global change (Parmesan et al. 1999, Warren et al. 2001). Long-term monitoring studies have shown recent changes in abundance, diversity, and/or phenology of butterflies in Britain (Roy and Sparks 2000), the Netherlands (van Swaay 1990), and lowland California (Forister and Shapiro 2003). Butterflies are particularly useful proxy organisms due to the ease of identification and reliance on, often specific, host plants. Previous analyses demonstrate the utility of such long-term, broad scale data, but there is currently no monitoring program encompassing all of North America, nor is there a repository for data if they do exist. As studying patterns of species diversity in space and time require samples that include geographical and temporal axes, additional data on butterfly diversity and abundance would prove invaluable to understanding processes underlying local- and large-scale changes in organismal distributions and abundance.
This data paper documents surveys of butterfly diversity and abundance in grasslands of Boulder County, Colorado during the years 1999 and 2000. The surveys were conducted on 66 established sites in the 10,000 hectares managed by the Boulder Open Space Department (Bock and Bock 1994). These protected grassland sites are located in a green belt which surrounds the city of Boulder, Colorado, and include relictual tallgrass prairie, lowland hayfields in floodplains, and short- and mixed-grass prairies adjacent to foothill woodlands (Bock et al. 1995). These sites should remain free of development in the coming years, providing a stable study area, ideal for long-term monitoring. The data were used to analyze the effects of habitat characteristics and landscape context on grassland butterfly diversity and abundance (Collinge et al. 2003). The data set represents 7246 individuals of 58 butterfly species in 5 families. These data correspond to a majority of Boulder County grassland butterfly diversity and reflect the phenology of these species for the summer months of the two years sampled (A complete list of all butterfly species found in Boulder County can be found at the USGS Butterflies of North America web site [Opler et al. 1995]). The data set includes endangered butterfly species, as well as surveys from rare habitat types (tallgrass prairie). These data are presented with the hope that they improve our understanding of large scale determinants of local and global abundances and diversity. Although these data alone do not constitute a long-term data set (2 years) and the temporal scale is slightly coarse (monthly), by using the standard sampling techniques presented here, researchers may generate additional fine-scale (weekly) data, to constitute a long-term data set.
METADATA CLASS I. DATA SET DESCRIPTORS
A. Data set identity:
Title: Butterfly surveys of Boulder Open Space, Boulder, Colorado
B. Data set identification code
Suggested Data Set Identity Code: Boulder_Sites.txt and Boulder_Abundance.txt
C. Data set description
Principal Investigator: S.K. Collinge, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Program, 334 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 80309-0334.
Abstract:
The purpose of this data set was to investigate the effects of habitat characteristics and urbanization on grassland butterfly diversity. We sampled butterflies at 66 sites in Boulder County Open Space in the years 1999 and 2000. We tested for effects of habitat characteristics (grassland type and quality) and landscape context (percentage surrounding urbanization) on butterfly diversity and abundance. Although both habitat characteristics did affect butterfly diversity, landscape context did not. The data contain butterfly species diversity and individual species’ abundance for the five periods sampled: July 1999, August 1999, June 2000, July 2000, and August 2000. Our samples included 58 species from five butterfly families: Hesperiidae (17 species), Papilionidae (4 species), Pieridae (7 species), Lycaenidae (11 species), and Nymphalidae (19 species). These data include endangered butterfly species, as well as surveys from relictual tallgrass prairie. There is some limitation to these data, as our sampling was not exhaustive through the year. That is, many species we observed also occur outside of the time-period sampled, and some butterfly species may not have been present as adults during the months of June, July, and August, and thus were not sampled. We present these data with the hope that they be combined with future surveys using the methods described here to constitute a long-term data set. These data will undoubtedly be useful in understanding temporal changes in butterfly abundance and diversity, effects of urbanization on different taxa, and determinants of local and large-scale faunal diversity.
D. Key words: Lepidoptera; Boulder County Open Space, Colorado (USA); butterflies; biodiversity; habitat; urbanization; climate change.
CLASS II. RESEARCH ORIGIN DESCRIPTORS
A. Overall project description
Identity: Habitat and landscape context effects on grassland butterfly diversity
Originators:
S. K. Collinge
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and
Environmental Studies Program
334 UCB University of Colorado
Boulder, CO, USA 80309-0334Period of Study: 1999–2000
Objectives: To understand the effects of habitat characteristics and urbanization on butterfly diversity and abundance in grassland ecosystems.
Abstract: same as above. This data set is not a subset of a larger program of study.
Source(s) of funding: College of Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado
Site description: Data were collected from surveys in Boulder County Open Space grasslands, in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Boulder lies at the intersection of the eastern Rocky Mountains and the western Great Plains (40°00’54”N, 105°16’12”W). Boulder Open Space Department manages over 10,000 hectares of grassland habitat, which form a nearly continuous ring around the city of Boulder. The protected status of this open space provides an ideal setting for long-term monitoring. These grasslands include tallgrass remnants, mixed-grass and shortgrass prairies, and hayfields. We used 66 sites established by Bock and Bock (1994) for which vegetation data were available (Bennett 1997).
Experimental or sampling design/field methods:
see Research Methods below
Research Methods:
Field/Laboratory: In brief, we surveyed 66 sites in Boulder County Open Space Grasslands five times over two years: twice in 1999 (July and August) and three times in 2000 (June, July, August). Sites were sampled on sunny days between 1000 and 1600 hours. We used a modified line-transect method (Pollard 1977) to survey a 200-m-diameter circle (Collinge et al 2003). Each plot was divided into four quadrants of equal area and each quadrant was surveyed for 10 minutes by a trained observer. Beginning 20 paces from the center of the plot, an observer walked over the entire area of the quadrant for 10 minutes. The first three to five individuals of each butterfly species observed were collected with butterfly nets, and stored in glassine envelopes for the voucher collection. Individuals that could not be immediately identified were collected and identified at the Entomology Collection of the University of Colorado Museum. All butterfly species and their absolute abundance were recorded. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Entomology Collection of the University of Colorado Museum.
Taxonomy: Taxonomy follows Hodges et al. (1983).
Project Personnel: n/a
CLASS III. DATA SET STATUS AND ACCESSIBILITY
A. Status
Latest Update: October 10, 2005
Latest Archive date: n/a
Metadata status: October 10, 2005, metadata is current
Data verification: Data has undergone substantial data quality and assurance checking throughout initial analyses.
B.Accessibility
Storage location and medium: Original data file exists on author’s personal computer in Microsoft Excel format.
Contact person: S. K. Collinge, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies Program, 334 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 80309-0334. phone: 303.735.3242, fax: 303.492.8699, email: sharon.collinge@colorado.edu
Copyright restrictions: None
Proprietary restrictions: None
Costs: None, authors believe scientific data should be free for scientific use.
CLASS IV. DATA STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTORS
A.Data Set File
Identity:
Boulder_Sites.txt
Boulder_Abundance.txt
Size:
Boulder_Sites.txt -- 66 records, not including header row
Boulder_Abundance.txt -- 330 records, not including header row
.
Format and Storage mode: Ascii text, tab delimited. No compression schemes used.
Header information:
Boulder_Sites.txt:
Headers are given here as header name followed by more information such as measurement units or basic descriptor. More information on the variable definitions can be found in Section B, Variable Information. Site, Xcoo (State Plane Coordinate), Ycoo (State Plane Coordinate), Latitude (NAD83/WGS84 decimal degrees), Longitude (NAD83/WGS84 decimal degrees), Habitat (short-grass prairie, mixed-grass prairie, tallgrass prairie, or hayfield), Building (percent building in surrounding 103 ha), Urban Vegetation (percent urban vegetation in surrounding 103 ha).
Boulder_Abundance.txt:
Headers are given here as header name. Site, Julian Date, (remaining headers denote abundance of individuals for each species; taxonomic authority is provided here, but is not included in the data set) Epargyreus clarus (Cramer), Erynnis pacuvius (Lintner), Erynnis afranius (Lintner), Pyrgus scriptura (Boisduval), Pyrgus communis (Grote), Pholisora catullus (Fabricius), Oarisma garita (Reakirt), Hesperia uncas uncas Edwards, Hesperia comma (Linnaeus), Hesperia ottoe Edwards, Hesperia leonardus pawnee Dodge, Polites peckius (W.F. Kirby), Polites themistocles (Latreille), Polites mystic (Edwards), Atrytone logan (Edwards), Ochlodes sylvanoides (Boisduval), Euphyes bimacula (Grote and Robinson), Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, Papilio indra Reakirt, Papilio rutulus Linnaeus, Papilio multicaudatus W.F. Kirby, Pontia sisymbrii (Boisduval), Pontia protodice (Boisduval and Leconte), Pontia occidentalis (Reakirt), Pieris rapae (Linnaeus), Colias philodice Godart, Colias eurytheme Boisduval, Nathalis iole Boisduval, Lycaena xanthoides dione (Scudder), Lycaena hyllus (Cramer), Lycaena helloides (Boisduval), Callophrys apama (Edwards), Strymon melinus Hübner, Hemiargus isola (Reakirt), Everes comyntas (Godart), Glaucopsyche lygdamus (Doubleday), Lycaeides melissa (Edwards), Plebejus saepiolus (Boisduval), Plebejus acmon (Westwood andd Hewitson), Libytheana bachmanii (Kirtland), Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), Vanessa atalanta (Field), Junonia coenia (Hübner), Euptoieta claudia (Cramer), Speyeria aphrodite ethne (Hemming), Speyeria idalia (Drury), Speyeria edwardsii (Reakirt), Speyeria coronis (Behr), Speyeria atlantis (Edwards), Speyeria mormonia (Boisduval), Phyciodes tharos (Drury), Phyciodes campestris (Behr), Limenitis archippus (Cramer), Anaea andria Scudder, Coenonympha tullia (Edwards), Cercyonis pegala olympus (Edwards), Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), Danaus gilippus (Cramer).
Alphanumeric attributes: Mixed
Special characters/fields: -999 denotes lack of information for that field.
Authentication procedures:
For the Boulder_Sites.txt data, the following are sums for numeric columns: Site=2211, Xcoo=202989732, Ycoo=82404899, Latitude=2641.013766, Longitude=-6945.185939, Building=164.42, Urban Vegetation=352.61.
For the Boulder_Abundance.txt data, the following are sums for selected columns: Euphyes bimacula=2, Pieris rapae=2426, Danaus plexippus=72.
B. Variable definitions
Boulder_Sites.txt
Variable name
Variable definition
Units
Storage type
Range numeric values
Missing value codes
Site
Site Number
N/a
Integer
1-66
N/a
Xcoo
X state plane coordinate (Zone 0501) of biodiversity plot
N/a
Integer
3057918-3098308
N/a
Ycoo
Y state plane coordinate (Zone 0501) of biodiversity plot
N/a
Integer
1214038-1278617
N/a
Latitude
Latitude (NAD83/WGS84)
Decimal degrees
Floating point
39.92058-40.09786
N/a
Longitude
Longitude (NAD83/WGS84)
Decimal degrees
Floating point
-105.293- -105.149
N/a
Habitat
Habitat type of biodiversity plot. See Collinge et al. (2003) for complete description of habitat types
N/a
Character
N/a
N/a
Building
Percentage of non-vegetated building in surrounding 103 hectares
Percent
Floating point
0-19.8
N/a
Urban Vegetation
Percentage of urban vegetation in surrounding 103 hectares
Percent
Floating point
0-32.43
N/a
Boulder_Abundance.txt
Variable name
Variable definition
Units
Storage type
Range numeric values (-999 not incl.)
Missing Value Codes
Site
Site sampled
N/a
Integer
1-66
N/a
Julian Date
Julian date, in YYYYDAY format
Julian days
Integer
1999183 - 2000243
-999
Headers 3-60 (see notes)
Abundance of species
Individuals
Integer
0 - 193
N/a
Notes: For the Boulder_Abundance.txt data, the variable definitions for headers 3-60 are all the same. Only the Variable Names differ; Variable Names for headers 3-60 correspond to the specific taxa listed in section A above.
CLASS V. SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data acquisition
Data forms: n/a
Location of completed data forms: n/a
B. Quality assurance/quality control procedures
Data were entered directly from field notes into the computer file and values were double checked upon entry. A third party then re-checked all original values from the field notes with the computer file after all the values had been entered.
C. Related material: n/a
D. Computer programs and data processing algorithms: n/a
E. Archiving: n/a
F. Publications and Results:
These data have been used in the following publication:
Collinge, S. K., K. L. Prudic, and J. C. Oliver. 2003. Effects of local habitat characteristics and landscape context on grassland butterfly diversity. Conservation Biology 17:178–187.
G. History of data set usage: n/a
H. Data set update history:
Review history: n/a
Questions and comments from secondary users: n/a
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank W. Johnson, A. Pattison, H. Kippenhan, S. McKinney, and T. Levy for field assistance. We thank V. Scott and D. Bowers for lending their expertise on local butterfly collections, A. Warren for assistance in skipper identification, and L. Riedel and C. Richardson for facilitating research on City of Boulder property. This work was inspired by previous research by C. and J. Bock, who also provided guidance on study-site access and area descriptions. W. Michener and two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder.
Literature cited:
Bennett, B. C. 1997. Vegetation on the City of Boulder Open Space grasslands. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Bock, C. E. and J. H. Bock. 1994. A field guide to City of Boulder Open Space grassland biodiversity plots. Report. Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, and B. C. Bennett. 1995. The avifauna of remnant tallgrass prairie near Boulder, Colorado. Prairie Naturalist 27:147–157.
Collinge, S. K., K. L. Prudic, and J. C. Oliver. 2003. Effects of local habitat characteristics and landscape context on grassland butterfly diversity. Conservation Biology 17:178–187.
Forister, M. L., and A. M. Shapiro. 2003. Climatic trends and advancing spring flight of butterflies in lowland California. Global Change Biology 9:1130–1135.
Hodges, R.W., T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson, J. G. Franclemont, E. G. Munroe, and J. A. Powell. Editors. 1983. Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico. E.W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, UK.
Opler, P. A., H. Pavulaan, and R. E. Stanford. Coordinators. 1995. Butterflies of Boulder County, Colorado. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Butterflies of Boudler County, Colorado Page.<http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/chklist/states/counties/co_13.htm>
Parmesan, C., N. Ryrholm, C. Steganescu, J. K. Hill, C. D. Thomas, H. Descimon, B. Huntley, L. Kaila, J. Kullberg, T. Tammaru, W. J. Tennent, J. A. Thomas, and M. Warrren. 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399:579–583.
Pollard, E. 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Global Conservation 12:115–134.
Root, T. L., J. T. Price, K. R. Hall, S. H. Schneider, C. Roxenzweig, and J. A. Pounds. 2003. Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57–60.
Roy, D. B., and T. H. Sparks. 2000. Phenology of British butterflies and climate change. Global Change Biology 6:407–416.
Van Swaay, C. A. M. 1990. An assessment of the changes in butterfly abundance in the Netherlands during the 20th Century. Biological Conservation 52:287–302.
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