METADATA CLASS I. DATA SET DESCRIPTORS
A. Data set identity: Marine predator and prey sizes with corresponding environmental data.
B. Data set identification code
Suggested Data Set Identity Code: Predator_and_prey_body_sizes_in_marine_food_webs_vsn3.txt
Corrected version as of 5 March 2014:
C. Data set description: 34931 records from 27 marine locations providing global coverage and a wide range of environmental conditions for a range of predator sizes from 0.1 mg to over 415 kg and prey sizes from 75 pg to over 4.5 kg. Types of predators and the study locations are listed in Table 1 and the scope of the data set, with predator and prey size expressed as mass, is shown in Fig. 1.
Version 3 (new version posted on 11 April 2008) – updated to:
Version 2 (new version posted on 4 April 2008) – updated to:a) correct predator mass, corrupted in version2
a) increase significant figures from 3 to 5 in all floating point fields
b) correct 14 records that had corrupted prey lengths (record numbers: 28041, 28042, 29091, 29101, 29108,29109,28133, 29303, 29724, 29989, 30081, 30082, 30086, 30087)
c) correct 8 records where the "Prey quality of conversion to length" field was set incorrectly (record numbers: 6639, 6746, 6747, 6748, 6750, 6751, 6890, 7240)
d) correct 19 records that had incorrect (duplicate) values in "Individual ID" (record numbers: 18855, 18857, 18858, 18860, 18862, 18865, 18866, 18867, 18869, 18871, 18872, 18873, 18876, 18878, 18879, 18880, 18883, 18884, 18885).
TABLE 1. Predator types and location details for predator and prey mass data by data source.
Reference |
Location |
Ocean |
Predators |
Latitude |
Longitude |
n |
Bainbridge and McKay (1968) |
Greenland |
North Atlantic |
Atlantic cod and redfish |
60º00'N |
40º00'W |
49 |
Barraclough (1967) |
Strait of Georgia |
North East Pacific |
19 species of fish |
49º00'N |
123º00'W |
629 |
Bethea et al (2004) |
Apalachicola Bay, Florida |
Gulf of Mexico |
4 species of shark |
29º40'N |
85º10'W |
173 |
Bethea et al (2006) |
Crooked Island Sound, Florida |
Gulf of Mexico |
Atlantic sharpnose shark |
30º00'N |
85º30'W |
103 |
Brodeur (1998) |
Gulf of Alaska |
North Pacific |
Alaska pollack |
56º50'N |
156º'00'W |
45 |
Chancollon et al (2006) |
Off the Bay of Biscay |
North East Atlantic |
swordfish |
44º00'N |
16º00'W |
827 |
Chase (2002) |
Great Channel South, Gulf of Maine |
North West Atlantic |
Atlantic bluefin tuna |
41º71'N |
69º76'W |
751 |
Chase (2002) |
Stellwagen Bank, Gulf of Maine |
North West Atlantic |
Atlantic bluefin tuna |
42º40'N |
70º15'W |
513 |
Chase (2002) |
Gulf of Maine |
North West Atlantic |
Atlantic bluefin tuna |
42º79'N |
69º51'W |
86 |
Chase (2002) |
Jeffreys Ledge, Gulf of Maine |
North West Atlantic |
Atlantic bluefin tuna |
42º80'N |
70º10'W |
426 |
Chase (2002) |
South of Marthas Vineyard |
North West Atlantic |
Atlantic bluefin tuna |
41º08'N |
71º37'W |
45 |
Chase (2002) |
Cape Cod Bay, Gulf of Maine |
North West Atlantic |
Atlantic bluefin tuna |
41º86'N |
70º42'W |
88 |
Hunsicker and Essington (2006) |
Mid Atlantic |
Mid Atlantic |
longfin squid |
39º50'N |
73º00'W |
113 |
Juanes and Conover (1995) |
Great South Bay, Long Island, New York |
North West Atlantic |
bluefish |
40º10'N |
73º10'W |
297 |
Kellermann (1987) |
Antarctic Peninsula |
Southern Ocean |
Antarctic silverfish |
63º00'S |
58º00'W |
856 |
Kellermann (1989) |
Antarctic Peninsula |
Southern Ocean |
icefish |
62º00'S |
55º00'W |
105 |
Kellermann (1990) |
Antarctic Peninsula |
Southern Ocean |
Antarctic fish |
63º00'S |
58º00'W |
1268 |
Lancaster (1991) |
Oxwich Bay, Wales |
Irish Sea |
European sea bass |
51º52'N |
04º10'W |
1315 |
Ménard et al. (2006) |
French Polynesian EEZ |
Mid Pacific |
2 species of tuna |
12º00'S |
144º00'W |
4011 |
Munk (1997) |
NE North Sea and Skaggerak |
North Sea |
Atlantic cod |
57º00'N |
08º00'E |
21 |
Munk (2002) |
W Greenland |
North Atlantic |
wolfish |
66º20'N |
56º00'W |
163 |
Ostergaard et al. (2005) |
Andaman Sea (West of South Thailand) |
North East Indian Ocean |
4 species of fish |
08º24'N |
97º53'E |
34 |
Pinnegar et al. (2003) |
Europe, Celtic Sea ecosystem |
Celtic Sea |
29 species of fish |
50º50N |
08º00'W |
2091 |
Pusineri et al. (2005) |
Off the Bay of Biscay |
North East Atlantic |
albacore |
45º00'N |
18º00'W |
3581 |
Quéro et al. (2004) |
Off the Bay of Biscay |
North East Atlantic |
Atlantic torpedo ray |
45º00'N |
18º00'W |
4 |
Sabates and Saiz (2000) |
Catalan Sea |
Mediterranean |
Myctophidae and Paralepididae fish larvae |
40º55'N |
02º40'E |
439 |
Sassa et al. (2004) |
Western North Pacific |
Sea of Japan |
Myctophidae fish larvae |
37º00'N |
143º00'E |
447 |
Scharf et al. (2000) |
Atlantic Ocean |
North West Atlantic |
18 species of fish |
40º00'N |
71º00'W |
16084 |
Stergiou and Fourtouni (1991) |
Eastern Mediterranean |
Mediterranean |
john dory |
38º00'N |
23º00'E |
367 |
![]() |
FIG. 1. Relationship between the body mass of predators and their prey. 99.4% of points fall below the 1:1 line. |
Principal Investigator: Carolyn Barnes, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK. (Carolyn.Barnes@cefas.co.uk).
Abstract:
Knowledge of relationships between predator and prey size are needed to describe interactions of species and size classes in food webs. Most estimates of predator and prey sizes have been based on dietary studies and apply to small numbers of species in a relatively narrow size range. These estimates may or may not be representative of values for other groups of species and body sizes or for other locations. Marine predator and prey size data associated with published literature were identified and collated to produce a single data set. If predator or prey length or mass were not measured in the original study, the length or mass was calculated using length–mass relationships. The data set consists of 34931 records from 27 locations covering a wide range of environmental conditions from the tropics to the poles and for 93 types of predator with sizes ranging from 0.1 mg to over 415 kg and 174 prey types with sizes from 75 pg to over 4.5 kg. Each record includes: predator and prey scientific names, common names, taxa, life stages and sizes (length and mass with conversion details), plus the type of feeding interaction, geographic location (with habitat description, latitude, longitude) and mean annual environmental data (sea surface temperature and primary productivity).
D. Key words: body size; consumer resource; energy transfer; food web; marine; transfer efficiency.
CLASS II. RESEARCH ORIGIN DESCRIPTORS
A. Overall project description
Identity: Relationship between predator and prey sizes in the marine environment.
Originators: Simon Jennings, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK.
Period of Study: November 2006 ongoing
Objectives: To enhance the understanding of predatorprey size relationships and any effect of variable environmental factors.
Source(s) of funding: Defra contract/grant number: MF1001
CLASS III. DATA SET STATUS AND ACCESSIBILITY
A. Status
Latest Update: Vsn 3 April 2008
Latest Archive date:
Metadata status: The metadata are complete and up to date.
Data verification: Data quality has been carefully checked as described in classV, section B, below.
B.Accessibility
Storage location and medium:Copies of the latest version of the data file are being stored on the principal investigator’s personal computer and the Cefas network in Microsoft Excel and Text format.
Contact person:
Carolyn Barnes, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK.
Phone: +44 1502 562244, Fax: +44 1502 513865
E-mail: Carolyn.Barnes@cefas.co.uk
Copyright restrictions: None.
Proprietary restrictions: None.
Costs: None.
CLASS IV. DATA STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data Set File
Identity:Predator_and_prey_body_sizes_in_marine_food webs_vsn3.txt
Size: 34931 records, not including header row.
Format and Storage mode: ASCII text, tab delimited. Winzip (Nico Mak Computing, Inc., Mansfield, CT 06268 USA) compression was used.
Header information: Headers describe the content of each column. See section B below for detailed descriptions of the column contents .
Alphanumeric attributes: Mixed.
Special characters/fields: If no information is available for a given record, this is indicated by 0.00E+00 in numeric fields and "n/a" in character fields.
Authentication procedures: The sums of the numeric columns are:
Record number: 610,104,846, Individual ID: 257,871,362, Predator length: 14,381,399, Predator standard length: 9,623,154, Predator fork length: 8,653,798, Predator total length: 14,279,735, Standardised predator length: 2,380,360, Predator quality of length-mass conversion: 39,463, Predator mass: 128,950,109, Predator mass check: 1,998,658,943, Predator mass check diff: 1,869,707,163, Predator ratio mass/mass: 480,471, SI predator mass: 128,950,109, Prey length: 2,536,593, Prey quality of conversion to length: 11,963, SI prey length: 283,924, Prey width: 256,585, Prey mass: 992,386, Prey mass check: 9,245,038, Prey mass check diff: 8,252,729, Prey ratio mass/mass: 300,779, SI prey mass: 992,297, Prey quality of conversion to mass: 113,730, Depth: 54,555,460, Mean annual temp: 529,768, SD annual temp: 152,519; Mean PP: 25,400,155, SD PP: 2,418,130
B. Variable information
Variable name
Variable definition
Units
Storage type
Range numeric values
Missing value codes
Record Number
Record number
N/A
Integer
134931
N/A
In-ref ID
Predator ID in original work
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Individual ID
Individual predator ID
N/A
Integer
117668
"n/a"
Predator
Scientific species name of predator (Genus species)
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator common name
Common name of predator
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator taxon
Ectotherm vertebrate or cephalopod
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator lifestage
Larva, postlarva, juvenile or adult
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Type of feeding interaction
Insectivorous, piscivorous, planktivorous, or predacious
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator length
Predator length (as in original work if available, else regressed from mass)
Defined in next column "Predator length unit"
Floating point
317490
N/A
Predator length unit
μm, mm or cm
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator dimension measured
Predator dimension/s measured
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator standard length
Standard length of predator (if applicable)
Defined in "Predator length unit"
Floating point
017490
0.00E+00
Predator fork length
Fork length of predator (if applicable)
Defined in "Predator length unit"
Floating point
019104
0.00E+00
Predator total length
Total length of predator (if applicable)
Defined in "Predator length unit"
Floating point
022423
0.00E+00
Predator TL/FL/SL conversion reference
Reference for conversion between length dimensions
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Standardised predator length
TL where available else SL or FL
cm
Floating point
0.3309.69
N/A
Predator measurement type
Individual, mean or mid-class
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator length-mass conversion method
Regression equation for lengthmass conversion
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Predator length-mass conversion reference
Reference for regression equation for lengthmass conversion
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Predator quality of length-mass conversion
0 = mass measured, 1 = species regression, 2 = genus regression, 3 = family regression, 4 = general shape, 5 = unsatisfactory
N/A
Integer
04
N/A
Predator mass
Mass of predator
Defined in next column "Predator mass unit"
Floating point
0.000171380050
N/A
Predator mass unit
g
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Predator mass check
Calculated mass of sphere with diameter = "Standardised predator length". Assumes 1 mL = 1 g
g
Floating point
0.001411554400
N/A
Predator mass check diff
Calculated mass of sphere with diameter = "Standardised predator length" – SI predator mass
g
Floating point
0.00121289400
N/A
Predator ratio mass/mass
Calculated mass of sphere with diameter = "Standardised predator length" / SI predator mass
g
Floating point
3.816.8
N/A
SI predator mass
Predator mass (measured or calculated from lengthmass regression)
g
Floating point
0.000171380050
N/A
Diet coverage
Types of prey items included in original work ("all" or the type of prey if the study was selective).
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey
Scientific species name of prey (Genus species) where specified in original work
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey common name
Common name of prey
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey taxon
Ectotherm invertebrate, ectotherm vertebrate, egg, microzooplankton or mixed
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey length
Prey length (as in original work if available, else regressed from mass)
Defined in next column "Prey length unit"
Floating point
0.0817976
N/A
Prey length unit
μm, mm, or cm
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey conversion to length method
Regression equation for masslength conversion
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Prey quality of conversion to length
0 = length measured, 1 = species regression, 2 = genus regression, 3 = family regression, 4 = general shape, 5 = unsatisfactory
N/A
Integer
04
N/A
Prey conversion to length reference
Reference for regression equation for lengthmass conversion
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
SI prey length
Prey length (measured or calculated from masslength regression)
cm
Floating point
0.000416122.66
N/A
Prey dimension measured
Prey dimension/s measured
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey width
Prey width if measured
Defined in next column "Prey width unit"
Floating point
0.45341950
"n/a"
Prey width unit
μm or mm
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Prey measurement type
Individual, mean mid-range or preferred
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey mass
Mass of prey
Defined in next column "Prey mass unit"
Floating point
7.53 × 10-114587
N/A
Prey mass unit
mg or g
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Prey mass check
Calculated mass of sphere with diameter = "SI prey length". Assumes 1 mL = 1 g
g
Floating point
3.77 × 10-1296571
N/A
Prey mass check diff
Calculated mass of sphere with diameter = "SI prey length" – SI prey mass (g)
g
Floating point
-115.196135
N/A
Prey ratio mass/mass
Calculated mass of sphere with diameter = "SI prey length" / SI prey mass (g)
g
Floating point
0.019846.7
N/A
SI prey mass
Prey mass (measured or calculated from lengthmass regression)
g
Floating point
7.53 × 10-114587
N/A
Prey conversion to mass method
Regression equation for lengthmass conversion or "weighed"
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Prey conversion to mass reference
Reference for regression equation for lengthmass conversion
N/A
Character
N/A
"n/a"
Prey quality of conversion to mass
0 = mass measured, 1 = species regression, 2 = genus regression, 3 = family regression, 4 = general shape, 5 = unsatisfactory
N/A
Integer
05
N/A
Geographic location
Location of study in original work
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Latitude
Latitude of study in original work (taken directly from the relevant publication or determined from charts and descriptions)
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Longitude
Longitude of study in original work (taken directly from the relevant publication or determined from charts and descriptions)
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Depth
Estimated depth using the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) digital atlas (maintained and published by the British Oceanography Data Centre, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidson Observatory, Birkenhead, Merseyside, L43 7RA).
m
Integer
54785
N/A
Mean annual temp
Estimates of mean annual sea surface temperature (SST) derived from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the NASA terra-satellites.
ºC
Floating point
-1.329
N/A
SD annual temp
1 standard deviation of mean in previous column
ºC
Floating point
0.66.6
N/A
Mean PP
Estimated primary production obtained for the years 2001 to 2004 at a 36 × 36 km resolution from the outputs of a model that uses the approach of Longhurst et al. 1995 to predict primary production from the surface concentration of chlorophyll a pigment as measured by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)Mélin, 2003.
mg C·m-2·d-1
Integer
911739
N/A
SD PP
1 standard deviation of mean in previous column
mg C·m-2·d-1
Integer
7214
N/A
Reference
Reference of original work
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Specific habitat
Description of location of study in original work
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
Notes / assumptions
Comments
N/A
Character
N/A
N/A
CLASS V. SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data acquisition
The published literature was searched for relevant research (Barraclough, 1967; Bainbridge and McKay, 1968; Kellermann, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990; Lancaster, 1991; Stergiou and Fourtouni, 1991; Munk, 1992; Juanes and Conover, 1995; Munk, 1997; Brodeur, 1998; Sabates and Saiz, 2000; Scharf et al., 2000; Chase, 2002; Pinnegar et al., 2003; Bethea et al., 2004; Quero et al., 2004; Sassa and Kawaguchi, 2004; Ostergaard et al., 2005; Pusineri et al., 2005; Bethea et al., 2006; Chancollon et al., 2006; Hunsicker and Essington, 2006; Ménard et al., 2006). The corresponding author was contacted and asked for permission for their data to be included and if given, a request for the raw data was made. In two cases the authors could not be contacted due to the age of the publication and copyright permission was acquired from the relevant body (Barraclough, 1967; Bainbridge and McKay, 1968).
B. Quality assurance/quality control procedures
Where possible the data was electronically copied. In other cases it was manually input. Once reformatted the data was sent back to the original authors for their approval.
The conversion between length and mass for all predators and prey were coded by the specificity of the regression equation used (0 = dimension measured, 1 = species regression, 2 = genus regression, 3 = family regression, 4 = general shape, 5 = unsatisfactory). The results were checked by calculating the mass of a sphere with diameter equal to the length and comparing this to the result of the conversion. For all predators the mass was less than for a sphere. For 1853 of the 34931 prey the mass was greater than for a sphere. Of these, 43 had been actually weighed so it is their length measurements that are suspect, 6 were converted using a family level regression and the other 1804 were converted using a "general shape" regression. The check data is included in the dataset so any user can exclude records or ideally recommend modifications to the conversion equations if more reliable versions are known to be available.
C. Related material: Two tables, one showing predator lengthmass conversion and the other showing prey lengthmass conversion, displayed below.
Supplementary Table 1: Predator lengthmass conversion equations and references. Length values used in regression equations are SL = standard length, TL = total length, FL = fork length, ML = mantle length.
Latin name (as given in data reference)
Common name
Predator length to weight conversion method
Units
Level of mass conversion
Predator lengthmass conversion primary reference
Predator lengthmass conversion reference cited by
Acanthocepola sp.
surgeon / tang / unicorn
M=0.0201SL^1.9637
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Ammodytes hexapterus
Pacific sandlance
M=0.0021SL^3.1525
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Anarhichas lupus
Atlantic wolf fish
M=0.0033SL^3.2491
cm, g
Species
Coull et al. 1989
Anarhichas minor
Spotted wolf fish
M=0.0017SL^3.399
cm, g
Species
Nikolsky 1957
Fishbase (species)
Arnoglossus imperialis
iImperial scaldfish
M=0.0045TL^3.170
cm, g
Species
Pereda and Villamor 1991
Fishbase (species)
Aspitrigla cuculus
red gurnard
M=0.0056SL^3.1688
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Benthosema glaciale
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.105SL^2.8904
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Carangoides sp.
jack / pompano
M=0.0269SL^2.8891
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Carcharhinus brevipinna
spinner shark
M=0.0075TL^2.970
cm, g
Species
Branstetter 1987
Fishbase (species)
Carcharhinus isodon
finetooth shark
M=0.0058SL^3.1151
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Carcharhinus limbatus
blacktip shark
M=0.0061TL^3.0100
cm, g
Species
García-Arteaga et al. 1997
Fishbase (species)
Ceratoscopelus maderensis
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.0105SL^2.8904
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Chionodraco rastrospinosus
icefish
M=0.0006SL^3.6225
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring
M=0.0050SL^3.1915
cm, g
Species
Coull et al. 1989
Clupea pallasii
Pacific herring
M=0.0045FL^3.1270
cm, g
Species
Bond and Erickson 1993
Cynoglossus sp.
tonguefish
M=0.0030SL^3.1188
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Cynoscion regalis
weakfish
M=0.0088TL^3.0
cm, g
Species
Crozier and Hecht 1913
Fishbase (species)
Diaphus garmani
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.0059TL^3.060
cm, g
Species
Madureira and Rossi-Wongtschowski 2005
Fishbase (species)
Dicentrarchus labrax
European sea bass
M=0.0123TL^2.9554
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Eutrigla gurnardus
grey gurnard
M=0.0075SL^3.0287
cm, g
Species
CEFAS Endeavour cruise 07/05
Unpublished
Gadus morhua
Atlantic cod
M=0.0070SL^3.0870
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Galeorhinus galeus
tope
M=0.0061TL^2.9400
cm, g
Species
Annala 1994
Fishbase (species)
Gasterosteus aculeatus
threespine stickleback
M=0.0113SL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Pauly et al. 1998
Fishbase (species)
Gilbertidia sigalutes
soft sculpin
M=0.0231FL^3.0000
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus
red Irish lord
M=0.0282TL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Crawford 1993
Fishbase (species)
Hemilepidotus spinosus
brown Irish lord
M=0.0771SL^2.6036
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Hemitripterus americanus
sea raven
M=0.0183FL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (species)
Hexagrammos decagrammus
kelp greenling
M=0.0156TL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Crawford 1993
Fishbase (species)
Hygophum benoiti
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.105SL^2.8904
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Hypomesus pretiosus
surf smelt
M=0.0110SL^2.8799
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Lampanyctus crocodilus
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.0051TL^2.9800
cm, g
Species
Merella et al. 1997
Fishbase (species)
Lepidorhombus boscii
4-spot megrim
M=0.0037TL^3.245
cm, g
Species
Papaconstantinou et al. 1993
Fishbase (species)
Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis
megrim
M=0.0033SL^3.2237
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Leucoraja fullonica
shagreen ray
M=0.0047SL^3.1417
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Loligo pealeii
longfin squid
M=0.0004L^2.4124
mm, g
Species
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Lophius americanus
goosefish
M=0.0170SL^3.0010
cm, g
Species
Armstrong et al. 1992
Fishbase (species)
Lophius budegassa
black-bellied angler
M=0.0130SL^3.0010
cm, g
Species
Tsimenides and Ondrias 1980
Fishbase (species)
Lophius piscatorius
monkfish
M=0.0255SL^2.8458
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Lumpenella longirostris
longsnout prickleback
M=0.0016FL^3.0000
cm, g
General shape
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (eel-like)
Lumpenus sagitta
snake prickleback
M=0.0016FL^3.0000
cm, g
General shape
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (eel-like)
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
haddock
M=0.0062SL^3.1150
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Merlangius merlangus
whiting
M=0.0062SL^3.1029
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Merluccius bilinearis
silver hake
M=0.0039SL^3.16
cm, g
Species
Schaefer 1960
Fishbase (species)
Merluccius merluccius
hake
M=0.0097SL^2.9130
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Merluccius productus
Pacific hake
M=0.0204FL^2.695
cm, g
Species
Dark 1975
Fishbase (species)
Micromesistius poutassou
blue whiting
M=0.0038SL^3.0820
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Molva molva
ling
M=0.0041SL^3.0700
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Mustelus canis
smooth dogfish
M=0.0023TL^3.1
cm, g
Species
van der Elst 1981
Fishbase (species)
Myctophum asperum
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.0206SL^2.6286
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Myctophum punctatum
Myctophidae fish larva
M=0.015SL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Pauly et al. 1998
Fishbase (species)
Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus
longhorn sculpin
M=0.0116SL^3.1122
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Notolepis rissoi
Paralepididae fish larva
M=0.0019SL^2.946
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Nototheniops larseni
Antarctic fish
M=0.0159SL^3.0000
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
pink salmon
M=0.0034SL^3.3000
cm, g
Species
Erokhin 1990
Fishbase (species)
Oncorhynchus keta
chum salmon
M=0.023FL^3.2
cm, g
Species
Ricker 1964
Fishbase (species)
Oncorhynchus nerka
sockeye salmon
M=0.0192TL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Crawford 1993
Fishbase (species)
Ophiodon elongatus
lingcod
M=0.0133TL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Crawford 1993
Fishbase (species)
Paralichthys dentatus
summer flounder
M=0.0054SL^3.117
cm, g
Species
Henderson 1979
Fishbase (species)
Paralichthys oblongus
fourspot flounder
M=0.0075TL^3.1272
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Pleuragramma antarcticum
Antarctic Silverfish
M=0.0045SL^3.25
cm, g
Species
Kunzmann 1986
Fishbase (species)
Pollachius pollachius
pollack
M=0.0061TL^3.1153
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Pollachius virens
saithe
M=0.0103SL^2.9630
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Pomatomus saltatrix
bluefish
M=0.0136TL^2.899
cm, g
Species
Haimovici and Velasco 2000
Fishbase (species)
Psychrolutes paradoxus
tadpole sculpin
M=0.0231FL^3.0000
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Raja clavata
thornback ray
M=0.0032SL^3.1938
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Raja erinacea
little skate
M=0.0027SL^3.184
cm, g
Species
Waring 1984
Fishbase (species)
Raja montagui
spotted ray
M=0.0099TL^3.2051
cm, g
Species
Coull et al. 1989
Raja naevus
cuckoo ray
M=0.0387TL^2.9591
cm, g
Species
Coull et al. 1989
Raja ocellata
winter skate
M=0.0022TLl^3.295
cm, g
Species
Sulikowski et al. 2003
Fishbase (species)
Raja undulata
painted ray
M=0.0042TL^3.1243
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Rhamphocottus richardsoni
grunt sculpin
M=0.02FL^3.0000
cm, g
General shape
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (short & deep)
Rhizoprionodon terraenovae
Atlantic sharpnose shark
M=0.0056SL^2.897
cm, g
Species
Bonfil et al. 1990
Fishbase (species)
Scomber scombrus
Atlantic mackerel
M=0.0034SL^3.2414
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Scophthalmus aquosus
windowpane
M=0.0132TL^3.0315
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Scorpaenodes sp.
scorpion / rockfish
M=0.0262SL^2.9628
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Scyliorhinus canicula
lesser spotted dogfish
M=0.0031SL^3.0293
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Sebastes sp.
redfish
M=0.0115TL^3.1369
cm, g
Species
Coull et al. 1989
Squalus acanthias
spurdog / spiny dogfish
M=0.0008TL^3.3710
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Thaleichthys pacificus
eulachon
M=0.0110FL^2.8799
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Theragra chalcogramma
Alaska pollack
M=0.0104SL^2.9120
cm, g
Species
Barbeaux et al. 2005
Fishbase (species)
Thunnus alalunga
albacore
M=0.0258L^2.86
cm, g
Species
Pusineri et al. 2005
Thunnus albacares
yellowfin tuna
M=0.0214SL^2.974
cm, g
Species
Le Guen and Sagakawa 1973
Fishbase (species)
Thunnus obesus
bigeye tuna
M=0.0178SL^2.902
cm, g
Species
Nakamura and Uchiyama 1966
Fishbase (species)
Thunnus thynnus
Atlantic bluefin tuna / tunny
M=0.0231FL^2.934
cm, g
Species
Hsu et al. 2000
Fishbase (species)
Trachurus trachurus
horse mackerel
M=0.0072SL^3.0327
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Trisopterus luscus
bib
M=0.0075SL^3.1502
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Trisopterus minutus
poor cod
M=0.0092SL^3.0265
cm, g
Species
Coull et al. 1989
Urophycis regia
spotted hake
M=0.0052TL^3.1420
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Urophycis tenuis
white hake
M=0.004TL^3.172
cm, g
Species
Clay and Clay 1991
Fishbase (species)
Urophysis chuss
red hake
M=0.0124TL^3.0
cm, g
Species
Crawford 1993
Fishbase (species)
Xiphias gladius
swordfish
M=0.0078L^3.21
cm, g
Species
Chancollon et al. 2006
Zeus faber
john dory
M=0.0230SL^2.9114
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
LITERATURE CITED for Supplementary Table 1
Annala, J. H. 1994. Report from the Fishery Assessment Plenary, May 1994: stock assessments and yield estimates, Unpublished report held in MAF Fisheries Greta Point library, Wellington: 242 pp.
Armstrong, M. P., Musick, J. A. and Colvocoresses, J. A. 1992. Age, growth, and reproduction of the goosefish Lophius americanus (Pisces: Lophiiformes). Fisheries Bulletin 90:217230.
Barbeaux, S., Ianelli, J. and Brown, E. 2005. Stock assessment of Aleutian Islands Region Pollock. In:Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for groundfish resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands region., North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, Anchorage, AK.:125179.
Bedford, B. C., Woolner, L. E. and Jones, B. W. 1986. Length-weight relationships for commercial fish species and conversion factors for various presentations., MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research.:41.
Bond, W. A. and Erickson, R. N. 1993. Fisheries investigations in coastal waters of Liverpool Bay, Northwest Territories. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2204:vi + 51.
Bonfil, R. S., de Anda, D. F. and Mena, R. A. 1990. Shark fisheries in Mexico: the case of Yucatan as an example, NOAA 427441.
Branstetter, S. 1987. Age and growth validation of newborn sharks held in laboratory aquaria with comments on the life history of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae. Copeia 1987(2):291299.
Chancollon, O., Pusineri, C. and Ridoux, V. 2006. Food and feeding ecology of Northeast Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius) off the Bay of Biscay. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:10751085.
Clay, D. and Clay, H. 1991. Determnination of age and growth of white hake (Urophycis tenuis Mitchill) from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada (including techniques for commercial sampling). Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1828:29.
Coull, K. A., Jermyn, A. S., Newton, A. W., Henderson, G. I. and Hall, W. B. 1989. Length/weight relationships for 88 species of fish encountered in the North East Atlantic. , Scottish Fisheries Research Report 43, 81 pp.
Crawford, R. 1993. World record game fishes, The International Game Fish Association, Pompano Beach, Florida.
Crozier, W. J. and Hecht, S. 1913. Correlations of weight, length, and other body measurements in the weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. Bulletin, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington XXXIII:139147.
Dark, T. 1975. Age and growth of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. Fisheries Bulletin 73(2):336355.
Dorel, D. 1986. Poissons de l'Atlantique Nord-Est, Relations taille-poids, IFREMER Report DRV.86.001/RH/Nantes:165.
Erokhin, V. G. 1990. Distribution and biological characteristics of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in the ocean. Journal of Ichthyology 30(6):10311036.
Froese, R. and Pauly, D. 2007. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.
www.fishbase.org, version (04/2007).García-Arteaga, J. P., Claro, R. and Valle, S. 1997. Length-weight relationships of Cuban marine fishes, Naga.
Haimovici, M. and Velasco, G. 2000. Length-weight relationships of marine fishes from southern Brazil Naga ICLARM Q. 23(1):1923.
Henderson, E. M. 1979. Summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) in the northwest Atlantic.
Hsu, C.-C., Liu, H.-C., Wu, C.-L., Huang, S.-T. and Liao, H.-K. 2000. New information on age composition and length-weight relationshi of bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnu, in the southwestern North Pacific. Fisheries Science 66(3):485493.
Kunzmann, A. 1986. Kiemenmorphometrie von zwei antarktischen fischarten Pleurogramma antarcticum and Notothenia gibberifrons. PhD Thesis. Kiel University:84.
Le Guen, J. C., and Sagakawa, G. T. 1973. Apparent growth of yellowfin tuna from the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Fisheries Bulletin 71:175187.
Madureira, L. S. P. and Rossi-Wongtschowski, C. L. D. B. 2005. Prospecção de recursos pesqueiros pelágicos na Zona Econômica Exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: hidroacústica e biomassas. Série documentos Revizee: , Score Sul, Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, São Paulo, Brazil.:144.
Merella, P., Quetglas, A., Alemany, F. and Carbonell, A. 1997. Length-weight relationship of fishes and cephalopods from the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Naga ICLARM Q. 20(3/4):6668.
Nakamura, E. L. and Uchiyama, J. H. 1966. Length-weight relations of Pacific tunas. Governor's Conference on Central Pacific Fishery Resources, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Nikolsky, G. W. 1957. Spezielle Fischkunde, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. Berlin. 632 pp.
Papaconstantinou, C., Caragitsou, E., Vassilopoulou, V., Petrakis, G., Mytilineaou, C., Fourtouni, A., Tursi, A., Politou, C.-Y., Giagnisi, M., D'Onghia, G., Siapatis, A., Matarese, A., Economou, A. and Papageorgiou, E. 1993. Investigation of the abundance and distribution of demersal stocks of primary importance to the Greek fishery in the Northern Aegean Sea (Greece), National Centre for Marine Research, Athens, Hellas.:316.
Pauly, D., Froese, R. and Albert, J. S. 1998. The BRAINS table. p.195198 In FishBase 98: concepts, design and data sources. R. Froese and D. Pauly (eds). ICLARM, Manila, Philippines:298 pp.
Pereda, P. and Villamor, B. 1991. Relaciones biometricas en peces de la plataforma Cantabrica. Inf. Téc. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 92:39.
Pusineri, C., Vasseur, Y., Hassani, S., Magnin, V., Meynier, L., Spitz, J. and Ridoux, V. 2005. Food and feeding ecology of juvenile albacore, Thunnus alalunga, off the Bay of Biscay: a case study. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:116122.
Ricker, W. E. 1964. Ocean growth and mortality of pink and chum salmon. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21(5):905931.
Schaefer, R. H. 1960. Growth and feeding habits of the whiting or silver hake in the New York Bight. N.Y. Fish and Game Journal 7:8598.
Sulikowski, J. A., Morin, M. D., Suk, S. H. and Howell, W. H. 2003. Age and growth estimates of the winter skate (Leucoraja ocellatal) in the western Gulf of Maine. Fisheries Bulletin 101(2):405413.
Tsimenides, N. and Ondrias, J. C. 1980. Growth studies on the anglerfishes Lophius piscatorius L., 1758 and Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807, in Greek waters. Thallassographica 3:6394.
van der Elst, R. 1981. A guide to the common sea fishes of southern Africa, C. Struik, Cape Town. 367 pp.
Waring, G. T. 1984. Age, growth, and mortality of the little skate off the northeast coast of the United States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113(3):314321.
Supplementary Table 2: Prey lengthmass conversion equations and references. Lengths used in regression equations: SL = standard length, TL = total length, FL = fork length, ML = mantle length, D = diameter, L = length (unspecified).
Latin name (as given in data reference)
Common name
Prey length to mass conversion method
Units
Level of mass conversion
Prey lengthmass conversion primary reference
Prey lengthmass conversion reference cited by
Agonus cataphractus
pogge
M=0.0196L^2.6139
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Ammodytes sp
sand lance
M=0.0017L^3.1828
cm, g
Genus
CEFAS Endeavour cruise 16/05
Unpublished
Amphipod
amphipod
M=0.006L^3.015
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Appendicularia
appendicularia
M=0.000000184TL^2.455
υm, υg
General shape
Hopcroft et al. 1998
Arctozenus risso
ribbon barracudina
M=0.0019L^2.946
cm,g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Argentina sphyraena
argentine
M=0.0053L^3.0534
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Belone belone
garfish
M=0.0006TL^3.178
cm,g
Species
Samsun 1995
Fishbase (species)
Benthosema glaciale
glacier lanternfish
M=0.0105L^2.8904
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Bivalve
bivalve
M=0.018L^2.854
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Brama brama
Atlantic pomfret
M=0.0011TL^3.609
cm,g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Fishbase (species)
Brevoortia sp
menhaden
M=0.0102TL^3.161
cm,g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Buglossidium luteum
solenette
M=0.9814L^0.759
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Calanoid eggs
copepod egg
M=0.00683D-0.4477
υm, υg
General shape
Huntley and Lopez 1992
Calanoides acutus
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Calanus pacificus
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Calanus propinquus
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Calanus sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Callionymus lyra
dragonet
M=0.022L^2.5907
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Callionymus maculatus
dragonet
M=0.0162L^2.5781
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Calliopius sp
amphipod
M=0.006L^3.015
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Capros aper
boarfish
M=0.0305L^2.7910
cm, g
Species
Pereda and Villamor 1991
Fishbase (species)
Cepola macrophthalma
red-bandfish
M=0.0162TL^2.049
cm, g
Species
Stergiou et al. 1992
Fishbase (species)
Ceratoscopelus maderensis dogtooth lampfish
M=0.0105L^2.8904
cm,g
Species
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Chaetognatha
chaetognatha
M=0.197L^3.01
cm, g
General shape
Nagasawa 1984
Chiroteuthis sp
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Cladocera
cladocera
M=0.000000000003162L^4.323
υm, υg
General shape
Uye 1982
Clausocalanus sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Clupea harengus
Atlantic herring
M=0.0050L^3.1915
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Clupea pallasii
Pacific herring
M=0.0050L^3.1915
cm, g
Genus
Coull et al.1989
Clupeoid
clupeoid
M=0.0050L^3.1915
cm, g
Family
Coull et al.1989
Copepod
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
General shape
Satapoomin 1999
Copepod nauplius / copepodites
copepod nauplius
M=0.00000417L^2.03
υm, υg
General shape
Hygum et al. 2000
Corycaeus sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Ctenocalanus sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Cubiceps gracilis
driftfish
M=0.0215L^2.8892
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Decapod crustaceans
crustaceans
M=0.015L^3.573
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus
four-spotted goby
M=0.0074TL^3.05
cm, g
Species
Merella et al. 1997
Fishbase (species)
Euphausia superba eggs
krill eggs
M=0.00683D-0.4477
υm, υg
General shape
Huntley and Lopez 1992
Euphausia superba nauplius
krill nauplius
M=0.00000417L^2.03
υm, υg
General shape
Hygum et al. 2000
Euphausia superba furcilia
euphausid furcilia
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Eggs
eggs
M=0.00683D-0.4477
υm, υg
General shape
Huntley and Lopez 1992
Engraulis encrassicolus
anchovy
M=0.00654L^2.98087
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Eucalanus bungii
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Euchaeta sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
General shape
Satapoomin 1999
Euphausia superba
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
Species
Morris et al. 1988
Euphausia
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Euphausid furcilia
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Fish
unidentified fish
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Fish eggs
eggs
M=0.00683D-0.4477
υm, υg
General shape
Huntley and Lopez 1992
Fish larvae
fish larvae
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Fish unidentified
unidentified fish
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Flatfish
flatfish
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Gadiculus argenteus
gadiculus
M=0.0023L^3.499
cm, g
Species
Pereda and Villamor 1991
Fishbase (species)
Gadiculus sp
gadiculus
M=0.0058TL^3.1083
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Gadoid
gadoid
M=0.0082TL^3.027
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Gaidropsarus sp
rockling
M=0.0053TL^3.0262
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Gaidropsarus vulgaris
three-bearded rockling
M=0.0108L^2.959
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Galiteuthis armata
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Gastropod
gastropoda
M=0.021L^3.03
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Gastropod unidentified
gastropod
M=0.0137L^3.714
mm, mg
General shape
Stoffels et al. 2003
Gelatinous
gelatinous
M=((4/3)*3.14*((D/2)^3)*100)
m, kg
General shape
Sphere
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus
witch flounder
M=0.0017L^3.3898
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Goby
goby
M=0.0061L^3.0424
cm, g
Family
Azevedo and Simas 2000
Gonatus steenstrupi
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Gonostomatidae
bristlemouth
M=0.0047L^2.964
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Gurnard spp.
gurnard
M=0.0075TL^3.0287
cm, g
Family
CEFAS Endeavour cruise 07/05
Unpublished
Haliphron atlanticus
octopus
M=0.001L^2.7
cm, g
General shape
Standard octopus
Harpacticoid
copepod
M=0.00085L^1.03
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Hatchet fish
hatchet fish
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Heterorhabdus sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
General shape
Satapoomin 1999
Hippoglossina oblonga
fourspot flounder
M=0.0075TL^3.1272
cm,g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Hippoglossoides platessoides
American plaice
M=0.0044L^3.2039
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Histioteuthis reversa
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Insects
insects
M=0.0064L^2.788
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Isopod
isopod
M=0.005L^2.948
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis
megrim
M=0.0033L^3.2237
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Lepidotrigla cavillone
large-scaled gurnard
M=0.0078*FL^3.1940
cm, g
Species
Papaconstantinou 1982
Fishbase (species)
Limanda limanda
dab / sand dab
M=0.0050TL^3.14
cm,g
Species
Ortega-Salas 1988
Fishbase (species)
Lobianchia gemellari
Cocco's lanternfish
M=0.0105L^2.8904
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Loligo sp
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Lumpenus sagitta
snake prickleback
M=0.0016FL^3.0000
cm, g
General shape
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (eel-like)
Macroparalepis affinis
barracudina
M=0.0019L^2.946
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Mastigoteuthis sp
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Maurolicus muelleri
pearlside
M=0.0016TL^3.961
cm.g
Species
Haimovici and Velasco 2000
Fishbase (species)
Meganyctiphanes norvegica
northern krill
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Merlangius merlangus
whiting
M=0.0062L^3.1029
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Merluccius merluccius
hake
M=0.0097L^2.9130
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Metridia gerlacei
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Metridia sp
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Microcalanus pygmaeus
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Microchirus variegatus
thick-backed sole
M=0.0089L^3.0790
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Micromesistius potassou
blue whiting
M=0.0038L^3.0820
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Microstomus kitt
lemon sole
M=0.0076L^3.1420
cm, g
Species
Bedford et al. 1986
Myctophid
myctophid
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Myctophum punctatum
metallic lanternfish
M=0.0150SL^3.00
cm, g
Species
Hulley 1990
Fishbase (species)
Mysidacea
mysidacea
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Nauplius
nauplius
M=0.00000417L^2.03
υm, υg
General shape
Hygum et al. 2000
Notoscopelus kroeyeri
lanternfish
M=0.0135L^3.00
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Notothenia gibberifrons
Antarctic fish
M=0.0177SL^2.9227
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Notothenia neglecta
Antarctic fish
M=0.0177SL^2.9227
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Nototheniops larseni
Antarctic fish
M=0.0159SL^3.0000
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Octopoteuthis sp
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Oithona sp
copepod
M=0.000000947L^2.16
υm, υg
Genus
Kiorboe and Titelman 1998
Ommastrephes bartrami
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Ommastrephidae
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Oncaea sp
copepod
M=0.0000000251L^2.9
υm, υg
Genus
Satapoomin 1999
Onychoteuthis banksi
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Ophidion elongatus
lingcod
M=0.0133TL^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Crawford 1993
Fishbase (species)
Osteichthyes
osteichthyes
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Paralepididae sp
barracudina
M=0.0019L^2.946
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Paralepis affinis
barracudina
M=0.0019L^2.946
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Parathemisto gaudichaudi
amphipod
M=0.006L^3.015
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Peprilus triacanthus
butterfish
M=0.0056*FL^3.2600
cm,g
Species
Wilk et al. 1978
Fishbase (species)
Pholidoteuthis sp
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Pleuragramma antarcticum
Antarctic silverfish
M=0.0045SL^3.25
cm, g
Species
Kunzmann 1986
Fishbase (species)
Pomatomus saltatrix
bluefish
M=0.0136TL^2.899
cm, g
Species
Haimovici and Velasco 2000
Fishbase (species)
Pseudopleuronectes americanus
winter flounder
M=0.0213TL^3.000
cm,g
Species
Murdy et al. 1997
Fishbase (species)
Raja naevus
cuckoo-ray
M=0.0387L^2.9591
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Raja sp
skate
M=0.0032TL^3.247
cm,g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Rhincalanus gigas
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
Family
Satapoomin 1999
Rockling
rockling
M=0.0053TL^3.0262
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Sardina pilchardus
pilchard
M=0.0059L^3.0766
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Scaldfish
scaldfish
M=0.004TL^3.2153
cm, g
Genus
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (genus)
Schistomysis spiritus
mysid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Scomber scombrus
Atlantic mackerel
M=0.0034L^3.2414
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Scomberesox saurus
Atlantic saury
M=0.0015TL^3.193
cm, g
Species
Wisner 1990
Fishbase (species)
Scyliorhinus canicula
lesser-spotted dogfish
M=0.0031L^3.0293
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Scyliorhinus caniculata
dogfish
M=0.0031TL^3.029
cm,g
Species
Dorel 1986
Fishbase (species)
Serranus hepatus
brown comber
M=0.025TL^2.84
cm, g
Species
Abdallah 2002
Fishbase (species)
Serranus hepatus
brown comber
M=0.025TL^2.84
cm, g
Species
Abdallah 2002
Fishbase (species)
Silversides, anchovies and 'other fish prey'
unidentified fish
M=0.01L^3
cm, g
General shape
Standard fish
Spicara flexuosa
blotched picarel
M=0.0104TL^3.096
cm, g
Species
Moutopoulos and Stergiou 2002
Fishbase (species)
Sprattus sprattus
sprat
M=0.0022L^3.4746
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Squid unidentified
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Stephus longipes
copepod
M=0.000000966L^2.26
υm, υg
General shape
Satapoomin 1999
Symbolophorus veranyi
lanternfish
M=0.0156TL^2.912
cm, g
Species
Hulley 1990
Fishbase (species)
Themisto pacifica
amphipod
M=0.006L^3.015
mm, mg
General shape
Benke et al. 1999
Theragra chalcogramma
Alaska pollock
M=0.0104SL^2.9120
cm, g
Species
Barbeaux et al. 2005
Fishbase (species)
Thysanoessa inermis
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Thysanoessa macrura
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Thysanoessa raschii
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Thysanoessa spinefera
euphausid
M=0.00000339*L^3.23
mm, g
General shape
Morris et al. 1988
Todarodes sagittatus
squid
M=0.0004ML^2.4124
mm, g
General shape
Personal communication (Mary Hunsicker)
Trachipteridae
ribbon fish
M=0.0016L^3.0
cm, g
General shape
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (eel-like)
Trachurus sp
mackerel
M=0.0072L^3.0327
cm, g
Genus
Dorel 1986
Trachurus trachurus
horse mackerel
M=0.0072L^3.0327
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Trigla lyra
piper gurnard
M=0.0106TL^2.911
cm, g
Species
Papaconstantinou et al. 1993
Fishbase (species)
Trisopterus esmarkii
Norway pout
M=0.0066L^3.0000
cm, g
Species
Raitt 1968
Fishbase (species)
Trisopterus luscus
bib
M=0.0075L^3.1502
cm, g
Species
Dorel 1986
Trisopterus minutus
poor cod
M=0.0092L^3.0265
cm, g
Species
Coull et al.1989
Trisopterus sp
Norway pout
M=0.0082TL^3.027
cm, g
Family
Froese and Pauly 2007
Fishbase (family)
Unidentified invertebrate
invertebrate
M=0.015L^3.101
mm, mg
Mean Invertebrate
Benke et al. 1999
LITERATURE CITED for Supplementary Table 2
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Azevedo, J. M. N. and Simas, A. M. V. 2000. Age and growth, reproduction and diet of a sublittoral population of the rock goby Gobius paganellus (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Hydrobiologia 440:129135.
Barbeaux, S., Ianelli, J. and Brown, E. 2005. Stock assessment of Aleutian Islands Region Pollock. In Stock assessment and fishery evaluation report for groundfish resources of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands region., North Pacific Fisheries Management Council, Anchorage, AK.:125179.
Bedford, B. C., Woolner, L. E. and Jones, B. W. 1986. Length-weight relationships for commercial fish species and conversion factors for various presentations., MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research.:41.
Benke, A. C., Huryn, A. D., Smock, L. A. and Wallace, J. B. 1999. Length-mass relationships for freshwater macroinvertebrates in North America with particular reference to the southeastern United States. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 18(3):308343.
Coull, K. A., Jermyn, A. S., Newton, A. W., Henderson, G. I. and Hall, W. B. 1989. Length/weight relationships for 88 species of fish encountered in the North East Atlantic., Scottish Fisheries Research Report 43, 81pp.
Crawford, R. 1993. World record game fishes, The International Game Fish Association, Pompano Beach, Florida.
Dorel, D. 1986. Poissons de l'Atlantique Nord-Est, Relations taille-poids, IFREMER Report DRV.86.001/RH/Nantes:165.
Froese, R. and Pauly, D. 2007. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication.
www.fishbase.org, version (04/2007).Haimovici, M. and Velasco, G. 2000. Length-weight relationships of marine fishes from southern Brazil Naga ICLARM Q. 23(1):1923.
Hopcroft, R. R., Roff, J. C. and Bouman, H. A. 1998. Zooplankton growth rates: The larvaceans Appendicularia, Fritillaria and Oikopleura in tropical waters. Journal of Plankton Research 20(3):539555.
Hulley, P. A. 1990. Myctophidae. In Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). J. C. Quero, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI; Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. 1:398467.
Huntley, M. E., and Lopez, M. D. G. 1992. Temperature-dependant production of marine copepods: A global synthesis. The American Naturalist 140(2):199242.
Hygum, B. H., Rey, C. and Hansen, B. W. 2000. Growth and development rates of Calanus finmarchicus nauplii during a diatom spring bloom. Marine Biology 136(6): 10751085.
Kiorboe, T. and Titelman, J. 1998. Feeding, prey selection and prey encounter mechanisms in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans. Journal of Plankton Research 20(8):16151636.
Kunzmann, A. 1986. Kiemenmorphometrie von zwei antarktischen fischarten Pleurogramma antarcticum and Notothenia gibberifrons. PhD Thesis. Kiel University:84.
Merella, P., Quetglas, A., Alemany, F. and Carbonell, A. 1997. Length-weight relationship of fishes and cephalopods from the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Naga ICLARM Q. 20(3/4):6668.
Morris, D. J., Watkins, J. L., Ricketts, C., Buchholz, F. and Priddle, J. 1988. An assessment of the merits of length and weight measurements of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 79:2750.
Moutopoulos, D. K. and Stergiou, K. I. 2002. Length-weight and length-length relationships of fish species of the Aegean Sea (Greece). Journal of Appled Ichthyology 18(3):200203.
Murdy, E. O., Birdsong, R. S. and Musick, J. A. 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay, Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. 324 pp.
Nagasawa, S. 1984. Laboratory feeding and egg production in the chaetognath Sagitta crassa Tokioka. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 76:5165.
Ortega-Salas, A. A. 1988. Age and growth of the dab, Limanda limanda (Linnaeus) in the Isle of Man waters, U.K. An. Inst. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. Univ. Nac. Auton, Mex. 15(1):118.
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Papaconstantinou, C., Caragitsou, E., Vassilopoulou, V., Petrakis, G., Mytilineaou, C., Fourtouni, A., Tursi, A., Politou, C.-Y., Giagnisi, M., D'Onghia, G., Siapatis, A., Matarese, A., Economou, A. and Papageorgiou, E. 1993. Investigation of the abundance and distribution of demersal stocks of primary importance to the Greek fishery in the Northern Aegean Sea (Greece), National Centre for Marine Research, Athens, Hellas.:316.
Pereda, P. and Villamor, B. 1991. Relaciones biometricas en peces de la plataforma Cantabrica. Inf. Téc. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 92:39.
Raitt, D. 1968. The population dynamics of the Norway pout in the North Sea. Marine Research Scotland(5):24.
Samsun, O. 1995. The determination of some parameters about growth characteristics of garfish (Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866) caught in the area of Sinop (Black sea). u Urünleri Dergisi 12(3-4):347355.
Satapoomin, S. 1999. Carbon content of some common tropical Andaman Sea copepods. Journal of Plankton Research 21(11):21172123.
Stergiou, K. I., Economidis, P. and Sinis, A. 1992. Age, growth and mortality of red bandfish, Cepola macrophthalma (L.), in the western Aegean Sea (Greece). Journal of Fish Biology 40(3):395418.
Stoffels, R. J., Karbe, S. and Paterson, R. A. 2003. Length-mass models for some common New Zealand littoral-benthic macroinvertebrates, with a note on within-taxon variability in parameter values among published models. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 37(2):449460.
Uye, S. 1982. Length-weight relationships of important zooplankton from the inland sea of Japan. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 38(3):149158.
Wilk, S. J., Morse, W. W. and Ralph, D. E. 1978. Length-weight relationships of fishes collected in the New York Bight. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci 23(2):5864.
Wisner, R. L. 1990. Scomberesocidae in Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). J. C. Quero, J. C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. 2:599601pp.
D. Computer programs and data processing algorithms:
E. Archiving:
F. Literature Cited:
Bainbridge, V. and McKay, B. J. 1968. The feeding of cod and redfish larvae. The International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries: Special Publication No.7:187-217. Data used with permission of Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization.
Barraclough, W. E. 1967. Data Record: Number, size and food of larval and juvenile fish caught with a two boat surface trawl in the Strait of Georgia April 25-29, 1966. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Manuscript Report Series. 922:154. This series includes unpublished preliminary reports and data records not intended for general distribution. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2007.
Bethea, D. M., Buckel, J. A. and Carlson, J. K. 2004. Foraging ecology of the early life stages of four sympatric shark species Marine Ecology-Progress Series 268:245264.
Bethea, D. M., Carlson, J. K., Buckel, J. A. and Satterwhite, M. 2006. Ontogenetic and site-related trends in the diet of the Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae from the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 78(2):287307.
Brodeur, R. D. 1998. Prey selection by age-0 walleye pollock, Theraga chalcogramma, in nearshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska. Environmental Biology of Fishes 51:175186.
Chancollon, O., Pusineri, C. and Ridoux, V. 2006. Food and feeding ecology of Northeast Atlantic swordfish (Xiphias gladius) off the Bay of Biscay. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63:10751085.
Chase, B. C. 2002. Differences in diet of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) at five seasonal feeding grounds on the New England continental shelf. Fishery Bulletin US 100:168180.
Hunsicker, M. E. and Essington, T. E. 2006. Size-structured patterns of piscivory of the longfin inshore squid (Loligo pealeii) in the mid-Atlantic continental shelf ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63:754765.
Juanes, F. and Conover, D. O. 1995. Size-structured piscivory: advection and the linkage between predator and prey recruitment in young-of-the-year bluefish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 128:287304.
Kellermann, A. 1986. Trophic relationships between early stages of icefish (Notothenioidei; Channichthyidae), and euphausiids and ichthyoplankton during FIBEX 1981. ICES C.M. 1986/L: 6, Biol. Oceanogr. Cttee: 6 pp.
Kellermann, A. 1987. Food and feeding ecology of postlarval and juvenile Pleuragramma antarcticum (Pisces: Notothenioidei) in the seasonal pack ice zone off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 7:307315.
Kellermann, A. 1989. Food and feeding of early stage Chionodraco rastrospinosus DeWitt & Hureau 1979 (Pisces; Notothenioidei) off the Antarctic Peninsula. Pesq. antart. bras. 1(1):2530.
Kellermann, A. 1990. Food and feeding dynamics of the larval Antarctic fish Nototheniops larseni. Marine Biology 106:159167.
Lancaster, J. 1991. The feeding ecology of juvenile bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). Marine, Environmental and Evolutionary Research Group. PhD thesis. University College of Swansea: 281 pp.
Longhurst, A., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T. and Caverhill, C. 1995. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. Journal of Plankton Research 17(6):12451271.
Mélin, F. 2003. Potential of remote sensing for the analysis of the optical properties of the ocean-atmosphere system and application to estimates of phytoplankton photosynthesis. PhD Thesis. Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France: pp 514.
Ménard, F., Labrune, C., Shin, Y.-J., Asine, A.-S. and Bard, F.-X. 2006. Opportunistic predation in tuna: a size-based approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 323:223231.
Munk, P. 1997. Prey size spectra and prey availability of larval and small juvenile cod. Journal of Fish Biology 51 (Supplement A):340351.
Munk, P. 2002. Larval sand lance (Ammodytes sp.) in the diet of small juvenile wolffish (Anarhichas spp.): predatory interactions in frontal water masses off western Greenland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 59:17591767.
Ostergaard, P., Munk, P. and Janekarn, V. 2005. Contrasting feeding patterns among species of fish larvae from the tropical Andaman sea. Marine Biology 146:595606.
Pinnegar, J. K., Trenkel, V. M., Tidd, A. N., Dawson, W. A. and Du Buit, M. H. 2003. Does diet in Celtic Sea fishes reflect prey availability? Journal of Fish Biology 63(Supplement A):197212.
Pusineri, C., Vasseur, Y., Hassani, S., Magnin, V., Meynier, L., Spitz, J. and Ridoux, V. 2005. Food and feeding ecology of juvenile albacore, Thunnus alalunga, off the Bay of Biscay: a case study. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62:116122.
Quero, J. C., Bellail, R., Spitz, J., Tardy, J. and Vayne, J. J. 2004. Observations ichthyologiques effectuees en 2003. Ann. Soc. Sci. nat. Charente-Marit. 9(4):367370.
Sabates, A. and Saiz, E. 2000. Intra- and interspecifc variability in prey size and niche breadth of myctophiform fish larvae. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 201:261271.
Sassa, C. and Kawaguchi, K. 2004. Larval feeding habits of Diaphus garmani and Myctophum asperum (Pisces: Myctophidae) in the transition region of the western North Pacific. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 278:279290.
Scharf, F. S., Juanes, F. and Rountree, R. A. 2000. Predator size - prey size relationships of marine fish predators: interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on trophic-niche breadth. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 208:229248.
Stergiou, K. I. and Fourtouni, H. 1991. Food habits, ontogenetic diet shift and selectivity in Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758. Journal of Fish Biology 39(4):589603.
G. History of data set usage
H. Data set update history:
Review history:
Questions and comments from secondary users:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was funded by CEFAS (DEFRA project MF1001). We thank Rodney Forster for processing the environmental data and Frédéric Mélin of the Joint Research centre, Ispra who kindly provided the primary production estimates. Two anonymous reviewers provided useful feedback, which helped us improve the data set and the clarity of the metadata..
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