PK Š[|X Q Q default.htmUT TTfTTf
Ecological Archives E090-119-D1.
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Lisa E. Schwanz
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
Current address:
Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies
Millbrook, NY 12545 USA
E-mail: Lisa.Schwanz@gmail.comRachel M. Bowden
School of Biological Sciences
Illinois State University
Normal, Illinois 61790 USARicky-John Spencer
School of Natural Sciences
University of Western Sydney
Hawkesbury, NSW, AustraliaFredric J. Janzen
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50011 USA
Chrysemys_picta_1989-2006.txt -- 3083 records, not including header row, ASCII text, tab-delimited.
The role of early life stages (eggs, neonates, and juveniles) for population persistence in long-lived organisms is thought to be minor. However, few long-term data sets are available to test this assumption. Variation in vital rates over space and time and the potential for the success of early life stages to shape adult reproductive behavior evolutionarily suggest that more thorough consideration of these life stages is necessary. In particular, the impact of climatic variation on early life-stage recruitment is not well understood. Furthermore, predation occupies a significant role in theoretical models of population dynamics, but its impact on populations through variable vital rates of early life stages is unknown. Maternal nest site selection, an important component of nesting ecology, may influence many offspring traits and respond to selection to optimize offspring success. Overall, we have limited information regarding the long-term patterns of natural fluctuations in the nesting ecology and hatchling recruitment of populations of long-lived organisms.
The research site for this ongoing long-term project is on an island in the Mississippi River near Thomson, Illinois, USA. Painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) have been studied extensively at this location since 1989 to examine the ecology and potential demographic consequences of nest-site selection and depredation, with the aim of understanding the evolution of maternal nesting behavior and its effects on offspring phenotype. We monitored the site every day of the nesting season each year to record nesting and depredation events. The data presented here include nesting phenology, nest vegetation cover, total number of nesting events, clutch size, depredation, and hatchling survival.
Portions of this data set have been used to address related questions in ecology and evolutionary biology. In particular, climatic variation influences the probability of nest depredation events. Such events are typically nonrandom, primarily occurring adjacent to habitat edges. Because habitat edges may have atypical vegetation composition and vegetation influences nest temperature, such nonrandom depredation could influence offspring recruitment and, hence, population structure. Given the unique scope and accessibility of this data set, researchers and teachers should find it to be a valuable empirical resource for exploring important facets of nesting ecology and hatchling recruitment in a wild population of a long-lived species.
Key words: demography; early life stages; fluctuating environments; maternal effects; nesting behavior; predation; temperature-dependent sex determination; turtles.
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PK°ÙÿQ Q PK Š[|X !— !— data.txtUT TTfTTfYear Nest Nest_Date S+W_Vegetation Clutch_Size Nest_Predation Nest_Survival Live_Hatchlings 1989 1989001 153 127.9 12 0 1 7 1989 1989002 <173 113.4 8 0 1 5 1989 1989006 173 55.1 8 0 1 8 1989 1989007 173 43.7 13 0 1 13 1989 1989008 <173 55.1 12 0 1 12 1989 1989009 <173 175.8 10 0 1 10 1989 1989010 <173 146.6 8 0 1 7 1989 1989011 <173 47.8 8 0 1 7 1989 1989012 173 82.2 12 0 1 11 1990 1990001 148 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990002 148 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990003 151 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990004 157 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990005 159 82.2 12 0 1 12 1990 1990006 159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990007 159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990008 159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990009 159 37.4 10 0 0 0 1990 1990010 160 142.5 7 0 1 4 1990 1990011 160 60.3 11 0 0 0 1990 1990012 160 58.2 9 0 1 8 1990 1990013 160 109.2 8 0 1 6 1990 1990014 160 10.4 13 0 1 13 1990 1990015 160 19.8 11 0 1 11 1990 1990016 160 18.7 12 0 1 12 1990 1990017 160 36.4 14 0 1 14 1990 1990018 160 95.7 6 0 1 5 1990 1990019 160 49.9 11 0 1 11 1990 1990020 161 137.3 11 0 1 10 1990 1990021 161 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990022 161 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1990 1990023 >162 37.4 13 0 1 13 1990 1990024 >162 10.4 11 0 1 11 1990 1990025 >162 97.8 8 0 1 5 1990 1990026 >162 11.4 10 0 1 9 1990 1990027 >162 131.0 12 0 1 12 1990 1990028 >162 79.0 6 0 0 0 1990 1990029 >162 106.1 10 0 1 10 1990 1990030 >162 16.6 11 0 0 0 1990 1990031 >162 1.0 10 0 1 10 1990 1990032 >162 1.0 15 0 1 7 1990 1990033 >162 43.7 8 0 1 7 1991 1991013 <171 64.5 11 0 1 2 1991 1991014 <171 114.4 15 0 1 14 1991 1991015 <171 54.1 12 0 1 10 1991 1991016 <171 42.6 11 0 1 10 1991 1991017 <171 44.7 10 0 1 10 1991 1991018 <171 126.9 12 0 1 12 1991 1991019 <171 12.5 11 0 1 11 1991 1991020 <171 46.8 9 0 1 9 1991 1991021 <171 42.6 11 0 1 11 1991 1991022 <171 72.8 13 0 1 12 1991 1991023 <171 6.2 14 0 1 13 1991 1991024 <171 17.7 8 0 1 7 1991 1991025 <171 46.8 5 0 1 4 1991 1991026 171 16.6 8 0 1 8 1991 1991027 >171 73.8 14 0 1 13 1991 1991028 >171 112.3 9 0 1 9 1991 1991029 >171 57.2 9 0 1 1 1991 1991030 >171 98.8 13 0 1 12 1991 1991031 >171 33.3 9 0 1 9 1991 1991032 >171 116.5 15 0 1 15 1991 1991033 >171 122.7 10 0 0 0 1991 1991034 >171 95.7 10 0 0 0 1991 1991035 >171 81.1 9 0 1 9 1991 1991036 >171 177.8 12 0 1 9 1991 1991037 >171 149.8 13 0 1 12 1991 1991038 >171 111.3 10 0 1 9 1991 1991039 >171 97.8 12 0 1 11 1991 1991040 >171 92.6 16 0 1 15 1991 1991041 >171 28.1 6 0 0 0 1991 1991042 >171 43.7 8 0 0 0 1991 1991043 >171 90.5 7 0 1 2 1991 1991044 >171 96.7 13 0 1 8 1991 1991045 >171 92.6 -999.9 0 0 0 1991 1991046 >171 35.4 8 0 1 7 1991 1991047 >171 145.6 9 0 1 7 1991 1991048 >171 124.8 10 0 1 10 1991 1991049 >171 149.8 7 0 1 7 1991 1991050 >171 33.3 9 0 1 2 1991 1991051 >171 72.8 9 0 1 9 1991 1991052 >171 33.3 9 0 1 9 1991 1991053 >171 63.4 6 0 1 3 1991 1991054 >171 85.3 9 0 1 3 1991 1991055 >171 46.8 14 0 1 1 1991 1991056 >171 33.3 8 0 1 8 1991 1991057 >171 25.0 4 0 1 1 1991 1991058 >171 26.0 12 0 1 12 1991 1991059 >171 23.9 10 0 1 8 1991 1991060 >171 22.9 11 0 1 7 1991 1991061 >171 81.1 5 0 1 3 1991 1991062 >171 105.0 12 0 1 11 1991 1991063 >171 29.1 9 0 1 9 1991 1991064 >171 152.9 10 0 0 0 1991 1991065 >171 99.8 13 0 0 0 1991 1991066 >171 62.4 -999.9 0 0 0 1992 1992001 155 125.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992002 155 93.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992003 155 75.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992004 155 171.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992005 155 72.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992006 155 168.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992007 155 72.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992008 155 32.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992009 155 19.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992010 156 103.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992011 156 95.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992012 156 33.3 7 0 0 0 1992 1992013 156 49.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992014 156 91.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992017 157-174 77.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992018 157-174 174.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992019 157-174 194.5 11 0 1 2 1992 1992020 157-174 161.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992021 157-174 84.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992022 157-174 78.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992023 157-174 74.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992024 157-174 74.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992025 157-174 69.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992026 157-174 132.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992027 157-174 38.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992028 157-174 150.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992029 157-174 145.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992030 157-174 87.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992031 157-174 176.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992032 157-174 91.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992033 157-174 77.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992034 157-174 46.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992035 157-174 44.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992036 157-174 67.6 10 0 1 1 1992 1992037 157-174 85.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992038 157-174 82.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992039 157-174 86.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992040 157-174 86.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992041 157-174 10.4 8 0 1 8 1992 1992042 157-174 127.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992043 157-174 116.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992044 157-174 122.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992045 157-174 45.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992046 157-174 62.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992047 157-174 48.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992048 157-174 87.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992049 157-174 97.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992050 157-174 136.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992051 157-174 95.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992052 157-174 196.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992053 157-174 117.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992054 157-174 160.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992055 157-174 12.5 9 0 1 8 1992 1992057 157-174 16.6 11 0 1 7 1992 1992058 157-174 188.2 9 0 0 0 1992 1992059 157-174 163.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992060 157-174 57.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992061 157-174 157.0 11 0 1 10 1992 1992062 157-174 75.9 12 0 1 10 1992 1992063 157-174 52.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992064 157-174 20.8 5 0 0 0 1992 1992065 157-174 10.4 10 0 1 7 1992 1992066 157-174 13.5 10 0 1 8 1992 1992068 157-174 19.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992069 157-174 61.4 10 0 1 6 1992 1992070 157-174 131.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992071 157-174 36.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992081 175 174.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992082 175 12.5 8 0 1 8 1992 1992084 175 41.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1992 1992085 175 65.5 13 0 1 11 1993 1993001 160 138.3 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993002 160 31.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993003 160 147.7 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993004 160 2.1 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993005 160 37.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993006 160 87.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993007 160 66.6 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993008 160 63.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993009 160 11.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993010 160 57.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993011 160 108.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993012 161 120.6 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993013 161 103.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993014 161 149.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993015 161 176.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993016 161 89.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993017 160 134.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993018 161 125.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993019 162 56.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993025 162 116.5 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993026 162 90.5 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993027 162 7.3 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993028 162 149.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993029 163 79.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993030 163 99.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993031 162 59.3 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993032 162 42.6 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993034 165-167 77.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993035 165-167 66.6 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993036 165-167 124.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993037 165-167 99.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993038 166 25.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993039 165-167 54.1 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993040 165-167 70.7 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993041 167 62.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993042 165-167 78.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993043 165-167 73.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993044 165-167 79.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993045 165-167 151.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993046 165-167 124.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993047 165-167 61.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993048 165-167 139.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993053 168 17.7 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993054 168 116.5 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993055 168 61.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993057 168 129.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993058 168 28.1 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993060 168 88.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993061 169-175 77.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993062 169-175 88.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993063 169-175 20.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993064 169-175 46.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993065 169-175 36.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993066 169-175 88.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993067 169-175 67.6 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993068 169-175 72.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993069 169-175 91.5 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993070 169-175 89.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993071 169-175 53.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993072 169-175 53.0 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993073 169-175 70.7 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993074 177 83.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993075 177 75.9 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993076 177 36.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993077 177 72.8 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993078 177 58.2 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993079 177 11.4 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993080 177 38.5 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993081 177 18.7 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1993 1993082 177 137.3 -999.9 -999.9 0 0 1994 1994001 154 40.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994002 154 49.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994004 155 11.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994005 155 53.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994006 156 36.4 9 0 1 7 1994 1994007 156 44.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994008 156 39.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994009 156 45.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994010 157 94.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994011 157 153.9 8 0 1 8 1994 1994012 157 87.4 13 0 1 13 1994 1994013 158 53.0 9 0 1 9 1994 1994014 158 92.6 9 0 1 9 1994 1994016 158 63.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994017 >159 96.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994018 >159 20.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994019 >159 19.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994020 >159 14.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994021 >159 19.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994022 >159 99.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994023 >159 40.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994024 >159 9.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994025 >159 93.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994026 >159 51.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994027 >159 18.7 10 0 1 10 1994 1994028 >159 29.1 10 0 1 10 1994 1994029 >159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994030 >159 116.5 10 0 1 10 1994 1994032 >159 78.0 5 0 1 5 1994 1994033 >159 62.4 12 0 1 11 1994 1994034 >159 96.7 11 0 1 10 1994 1994035 >159 74.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994036 >159 132.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994037 >159 98.8 10 0 0 0 1994 1994038 >159 86.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994039 >159 81.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994040 >159 49.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994041 >159 162.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994042 >159 66.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994043 >159 60.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994044 >159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994045 >159 83.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994046 >159 116.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994047 >159 132.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994048 >159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994049 >159 6.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994050 >159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994051 >159 45.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994052 >159 44.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994053 >159 20.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994054 >159 138.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1994 1994055 >159 108.2 9 0 1 8 1994 1994056 >159 78.0 14 0 1 14 1994 1994057 >159 -999.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1995 1995001 152 129.0 15 0 1 14 1995 1995002 156 105.0 8 1 0 0 1995 1995003 156 26.0 13 0 1 13 1995 1995004 156 79.0 8 0 1 5 1995 1995005 156 65.5 11 0 1 11 1995 1995006 155 34.3 13 0 1 11 1995 1995007 156 19.8 13 0 0 0 1995 1995008 155 8.3 13 0 1 13 1995 1995009 157 93.6 10 1 0 0 1995 1995010 157 80.1 10 0 1 10 1995 1995011 157 121.7 17 0 1 14 1995 1995012 157 99.8 12 0 1 10 1995 1995013 157 132.1 7 1 0 0 1995 1995014 157 26.0 10 1 0 0 1995 1995015 157 109.2 12 1 0 0 1995 1995016 157 60.3 11 0 1 11 1995 1995017 157 43.7 10 1 0 0 1995 1995018 155 46.8 14 1 0 0 1995 1995019 156 34.3 9 0 1 9 1995 1995020 156 35.4 15 0 1 15 1995 1995021 157 63.4 9 1 0 0 1995 1995022 155 150.8 11 0 1 9 1995 1995023 156 155.0 9 0 1 8 1995 1995024 156 97.8 14 1 0 0 1995 1995025 155 93.6 11 0 1 7 1995 1995026 154 98.8 13 1 0 0 1995 1995027 158 79.0 13 0 1 13 1995 1995028 158 119.6 7 1 0 0 1995 1995029 158 105.0 8 0 1 4 1995 1995030 158 16.6 10 1 0 0 1995 1995031 158 81.1 10 0 1 10 1995 1995032 158 65.5 11 0 1 11 1995 1995033 158 118.6 15 1 0 0 1995 1995034 158 92.6 8 1 0 0 1995 1995035 158 155.0 11 1 0 0 1995 1995036 158 19.8 11 0 1 11 1995 1995037 158 155.0 11 1 0 0 1995 1995038 157 197.6 10 0 1 9 1995 1995039 155 183.0 11 1 0 0 1995 1995040 156 120.6 12 1 0 0 1995 1995041 157 127.9 7 0 1 1 1995 1995042 161 49.9 11 1 0 0 1995 1995043 161 79.0 13 1 0 0 1995 1995044 161 95.7 14 1 0 0 1995 1995045 162 134.2 11 1 0 0 1995 1995046 163 162.2 9 1 0 0 1995 1995047 163 152.9 7 1 0 0 1995 1995048 164 89.4 14 1 0 0 1995 1995049 164 98.8 11 1 0 0 1995 1995050 164 149.8 12 1 0 0 1995 1995051 164 68.6 12 1 0 0 1995 1995052 164 158.1 11 1 0 0 1995 1995053 164 95.7 9 1 0 0 1995 1995054 164 47.8 14 1 0 0 1995 1995055 165 60.3 7 1 0 0 1995 1995056 165 22.9 9 1 0 0 1995 1995057 165 179.9 6 1 0 0 1995 1995058 165 112.3 12 1 0 0 1995 1995059 165 83.2 15 1 0 0 1995 1995060 165 96.7 9 1 0 0 1995 1995061 165 66.6 8 1 0 0 1995 1995062 165 88.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1995 1995063 165 164.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1995 1995064 165 65.5 13 1 0 0 1995 1995065 165 152.9 8 1 0 0 1995 1995066 165 161.2 8 1 0 0 1995 1995067 166 101.9 10 1 0 0 1995 1995068 166 48.9 11 1 0 0 1995 1995069 166 89.4 7 1 0 0 1995 1995070 166 42.6 10 0 1 10 1995 1995071 166 62.4 11 1 0 0 1995 1995072 166 58.2 9 1 0 0 1995 1995073 167 116.5 9 1 0 0 1995 1995074 167 65.5 12 1 0 0 1995 1995075 167 85.3 13 1 0 0 1995 1995076 167 106.1 9 1 0 0 1995 1995077 167 165.4 12 1 0 0 1995 1995078 167 79.0 12 1 0 0 1995 1995079 168 8.3 13 1 0 0 1995 1995080 168 28.1 12 1 0 0 1995 1995081 168 55.1 10 0 1 9 1995 1995082 168 124.8 9 1 0 0 1995 1995083 169 142.5 13 0 1 13 1995 1995084 169 33.3 18 0 1 16 1995 1995085 169 130.0 11 1 0 0 1995 1995086 169 89.4 11 1 0 0 1995 1995087 169 103.0 14 0 1 2 1995 1995088 169 110.2 6 1 0 0 1995 1995089 169 84.2 11 1 0 0 1995 1995090 170 145.6 9 0 1 1 1995 1995091 170 101.9 9 1 0 0 1995 1995092 170 54.1 10 1 0 0 1995 1995093 170 83.2 14 0 1 7 1995 1995094 170 40.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1995 1995095 170 110.2 8 1 0 0 1995 1995096 171 42.6 12 1 0 0 1995 1995097 171 87.4 11 1 0 0 1995 1995098 171 134.2 12 1 0 0 1995 1995099 172 73.8 11 0 1 11 1995 1995100 172 78.0 9 1 0 0 1995 1995101 172 40.6 8 1 0 0 1995 1995102 172 69.7 14 0 1 12 1995 1995103 172 41.6 14 0 1 10 1995 1995104 172 116.5 15 0 1 14 1995 1995105 173 114.4 14 1 0 0 1995 1995106 173 185.1 11 0 1 11 1995 1995107 173 61.4 10 0 1 4 1995 1995108 173 68.6 9 1 0 0 1995 1995109 173 162.2 10 1 0 0 1995 1995110 173 25.0 12 1 0 0 1995 1995111 174 137.3 8 1 0 0 1995 1995112 174 66.6 5 1 0 0 1995 1995113 174 160.2 10 0 1 10 1995 1995114 174 81.1 13 0 1 13 1995 1995115 174 117.5 11 0 1 6 1995 1995116 174 140.4 11 0 1 10 1995 1995117 174 80.1 9 0 1 7 1995 1995118 174 67.6 10 1 0 0 1995 1995119 175 69.7 6 1 0 0 1995 1995120 175 112.3 10 1 0 0 1995 1995121 174 68.6 10 0 1 8 1995 1995122 175 112.3 11 1 0 0 1995 1995123 174 85.3 8 0 1 8 1995 1995124 175 127.9 9 0 1 9 1995 1995125 176 51.0 10 1 0 0 1995 1995126 176 73.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1995 1995127 176 47.8 10 1 0 0 1995 1995128 175 66.6 8 1 0 0 1995 1995129 176 72.8 7 0 1 6 1995 1995130 176 56.2 10 0 1 6 1995 1995131 >176 142.5 9 0 1 8 1995 1995132 >176 138.3 10 0 1 10 1996 1996002 163 46.8 13 1 0 0 1996 1996003 163 35.4 12 1 0 0 1996 1996004 163 110.2 9 1 0 0 1996 1996006 164 143.5 10 0 1 7 1996 1996007 165 91.5 11 1 0 0 1996 1996008 165 73.8 13 0 1 6 1996 1996009 165 53.0 11 1 0 0 1996 1996010 166 53.0 13 1 0 0 1996 1996011 166 138.3 11 0 1 10 1996 1996012 166 173.7 12 0 1 5 1996 1996013 166 75.9 13 0 1 12 1996 1996014 166 130.0 11 0 1 11 1996 1996015 166 92.6 6 0 1 3 1996 1996016 166 168.5 8 1 0 0 1996 1996017 166 116.5 15 1 0 0 1996 1996018 166 54.1 11 0 1 9 1996 1996020 167 66.6 9 0 1 9 1996 1996021 167 45.8 11 0 1 10 1996 1996022 167 66.6 13 1 0 0 1996 1996023 167 157.0 7 0 1 2 1996 1996024 167 115.4 12 1 0 0 1996 1996025 167 14.6 12 0 1 8 1996 1996026 167 46.8 11 1 0 0 1996 1996027 167 12.5 14 0 1 9 1996 1996028 167 121.7 9 1 0 0 1996 1996029 167 110.2 8 0 0 0 1996 1996030 168 91.5 12 1 0 0 1996 1996031 168 130.0 12 0 1 11 1996 1996032 168 91.5 13 1 0 0 1996 1996033 168 110.2 7 0 1 1 1996 1996034 168 99.8 8 1 0 0 1996 1996035 168 37.4 10 0 1 10 1996 1996036 168 54.1 11 1 0 0 1996 1996037 168 60.3 11 0 1 6 1996 1996038 168 35.4 12 0 1 12 1996 1996039 168 148.7 12 0 0 0 1996 1996040 169 58.2 16 1 0 0 1996 1996041 169 114.4 10 0 1 10 1996 1996042 169 53.0 13 0 1 10 1996 1996043 169 142.5 10 0 1 6 1996 1996044 169 11.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996045 169 145.6 12 0 0 0 1996 1996047 169 54.1 10 0 1 7 1996 1996048 169 65.5 16 1 0 0 1996 1996049 169 121.7 13 0 1 5 1996 1996050 170 0.0 8 1 0 0 1996 1996051 170 48.9 10 1 0 0 1996 1996052 170 64.5 10 1 0 0 1996 1996053 171 69.7 8 0 1 7 1996 1996054 171 60.3 9 1 0 0 1996 1996055 171 133.1 13 0 1 11 1996 1996056 171 133.1 11 1 0 0 1996 1996057 171 81.1 10 0 1 8 1996 1996058 171 85.3 11 1 0 0 1996 1996059 171 139.4 9 1 0 0 1996 1996060 172 156.0 12 0 0 0 1996 1996061 172 98.8 6 0 1 4 1996 1996062 172 174.7 8 0 1 1 1996 1996063 172 116.5 10 0 1 6 1996 1996064 172 43.7 9 0 1 1 1996 1996065 173 172.6 12 1 0 0 1996 1996066 173 1.0 11 0 0 0 1996 1996067 174 73.8 8 1 0 0 1996 1996068 174 98.8 8 1 0 0 1996 1996069 175 120.6 10 0 1 6 1996 1996070 175 87.4 10 1 0 0 1996 1996071 175 57.2 13 1 0 0 1996 1996072 176 122.7 12 1 0 0 1996 1996073 176 95.7 13 0 1 12 1996 1996074 176 157.0 12 0 1 7 1996 1996075 176 58.2 15 1 0 0 1996 1996076 176 167.4 12 1 0 0 1996 1996077 176 6.2 13 0 1 9 1996 1996078 176 162.2 13 0 1 6 1996 1996079 176 99.8 9 1 0 0 1996 1996080 177 96.7 14 1 0 0 1996 1996081 177 52.0 7 1 0 0 1996 1996082 177 101.9 4 0 1 2 1996 1996083 177 99.8 9 0 1 9 1996 1996084 179 78.0 8 1 0 0 1996 1996085 179 96.7 12 1 0 0 1996 1996086 179 25.0 11 0 1 9 1996 1996087 179 111.3 8 1 0 0 1996 1996088 179 110.2 9 0 0 0 1996 1996089 179 115.4 9 1 0 0 1996 1996090 179 81.1 9 1 0 0 1996 1996091 179 119.6 12 0 1 11 1996 1996092 179 63.4 17 1 0 0 1996 1996093 179 59.3 10 0 1 2 1996 1996094 180 78.0 11 0 1 9 1996 1996095 180 54.1 11 0 0 0 1996 1996096 180 77.0 14 0 1 10 1996 1996097 180 43.7 13 1 0 0 1996 1996098 180 108.2 11 0 1 8 1996 1996099 180 54.1 11 1 0 0 1996 1996100 180 45.8 7 1 0 0 1996 1996101 180 32.2 7 0 1 6 1996 1996102 180 21.8 11 1 0 0 1996 1996103 180 161.2 10 1 0 0 1996 1996104 180 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9 1996 1996134 <182 133.1 -999.9 0 1 7 1996 1996135 <182 31.2 -999.9 0 1 7 1996 1996136 <182 80.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996137 <182 28.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996139 <182 151.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996140 <182 39.5 -999.9 0 1 10 1996 1996141 <182 108.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996142 <182 195.5 -999.9 0 1 3 1996 1996143 <182 75.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996144 <182 74.9 -999.9 0 1 10 1996 1996145 <182 64.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996146 <182 81.1 -999.9 0 1 4 1996 1996147 182 60.3 11 1 0 0 1996 1996148 <182 36.4 -999.9 0 0 0 1996 1996149 <182 103.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996150 <182 145.6 -999.9 0 1 8 1996 1996151 <182 0.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996152 <182 55.1 -999.9 0 1 10 1996 1996153 <182 11.4 -999.9 0 1 15 1996 1996154 <182 39.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1996 1996155 <182 -999.9 -999.9 0 1 7 1996 1996156 183 -999.9 13 1 0 0 1996 1996158 184 -999.9 14 1 0 0 1997 1997002 159 107.1 7 0 1 5 1997 1997003 160 42.6 15 0 1 13 1997 1997004 160 134.2 10 0 1 8 1997 1997005 160 25.0 12 0 1 9 1997 1997006 161 98.8 11 0 1 11 1997 1997007 161 61.4 12 0 1 6 1997 1997008 161 26.0 12 1 0 0 1997 1997009 161 51.0 10 1 0 0 1997 1997010 161 119.6 11 0 1 11 1997 1997011 161 107.1 11 0 1 10 1997 1997012 161 136.2 10 0 1 10 1997 1997013 161 114.4 11 0 1 11 1997 1997014 161 141.4 11 0 1 8 1997 1997015 161 131.0 7 1 0 0 1997 1997016 161 115.4 9 0 1 9 1997 1997017 162 72.8 12 0 1 10 1997 1997018 162 89.4 11 0 1 10 1997 1997019 162 90.5 9 0 1 9 1997 1997020 162 169.5 9 0 1 9 1997 1997021 162 71.8 11 0 1 9 1997 1997022 162 39.5 10 0 1 10 1997 1997023 162 158.1 11 0 1 1 1997 1997024 162 45.8 14 1 0 0 1997 1997025 162 27.0 10 0 1 10 1997 1997026 162 61.4 8 0 1 8 1997 1997027 162 110.2 11 0 1 6 1997 1997028 162 109.2 14 0 1 14 1997 1997029 162 137.3 10 0 1 10 1997 1997030 162 77.0 13 0 1 13 1997 1997031 163 17.7 10 0 1 2 1997 1997032 163 23.9 14 0 1 14 1997 1997033 163 2.1 12 1 0 0 1997 1997034 163 115.4 13 0 1 13 1997 1997035 163 70.7 9 0 1 6 1997 1997036 163 104.0 8 0 1 5 1997 1997037 163 54.1 12 0 1 10 1997 1997038 163 35.4 10 0 1 7 1997 1997039 163 3.1 11 1 0 0 1997 1997040 163 35.4 7 0 1 7 1997 1997041 163 84.2 11 0 1 9 1997 1997042 164 60.3 9 0 1 8 1997 1997043 164 33.3 12 0 1 9 1997 1997044 164 58.2 11 0 1 8 1997 1997045 164 173.7 9 0 1 8 1997 1997046 164 103.0 9 0 1 9 1997 1997047 164 69.7 14 1 0 0 1997 1997048 164 134.2 10 0 1 2 1997 1997049 164 44.7 12 0 1 9 1997 1997050 164 88.4 11 0 1 11 1997 1997051 164 101.9 8 0 1 7 1997 1997052 164 15.6 12 0 1 11 1997 1997053 164 91.5 16 0 1 16 1997 1997054 164 83.2 14 0 1 13 1997 1997055 164 53.0 15 0 1 7 1997 1997056 165 92.6 8 1 0 0 1997 1997057 166 104.0 10 0 1 8 1997 1997058 166 122.7 10 0 1 8 1997 1997059 166 94.6 14 0 1 14 1997 1997060 166 52.0 9 0 1 7 1997 1997061 166 143.5 10 0 1 10 1997 1997062 167 104.0 12 0 1 9 1997 1997063 167 45.8 10 0 1 10 1997 1997064 167 85.3 11 0 1 9 1997 1997065 167 173.7 11 0 1 10 1997 1997066 167 157.0 11 0 1 9 1997 1997067 167 33.3 11 0 1 5 1997 1997068 167 118.6 10 0 1 2 1997 1997069 167 54.1 12 0 1 10 1997 1997070 167 73.8 15 0 1 10 1997 1997071 167 86.3 10 0 1 9 1997 1997072 167 169.5 9 0 1 8 1997 1997073 167 174.7 12 0 1 9 1997 1997074 167 161.2 8 0 1 4 1997 1997075 168 48.9 8 0 1 6 1997 1997076 168 98.8 9 0 1 7 1997 1997077 169 88.4 11 0 1 9 1997 1997078 169 44.7 10 0 1 8 1997 1997079 169 90.5 8 0 1 8 1997 1997080 169 12.5 12 0 1 12 1997 1997081 169 36.4 10 0 1 9 1997 1997082 169 133.1 12 0 1 11 1997 1997083 169 70.7 10 0 1 8 1997 1997084 170 133.1 11 1 0 0 1997 1997085 170 41.6 7 0 1 7 1997 1997086 170 19.8 14 0 1 12 1997 1997087 170 111.3 10 1 0 0 1997 1997088 170 67.6 14 0 1 13 1997 1997089 170 55.1 12 1 0 0 1997 1997090 170 36.4 8 0 1 7 1997 1997091 171 38.5 9 0 1 4 1997 1997092 171 43.7 9 0 1 8 1997 1997093 171 161.2 10 0 1 9 1997 1997094 171 159.1 10 0 1 7 1997 1997095 171 114.4 14 0 1 14 1997 1997096 172 62.4 13 1 0 0 1997 1997097 172 92.6 11 1 0 0 1997 1997098 172 99.8 13 0 1 7 1997 1997099 173 140.4 13 1 0 0 1997 1997100 173 36.4 11 0 0 0 1997 1997101 173 48.9 10 0 1 5 1997 1997102 174 40.6 10 0 1 10 1997 1997103 174 55.1 16 0 1 15 1997 1997104 174 42.6 16 0 1 15 1997 1997105 174 60.3 5 0 1 4 1997 1997106 174 54.1 10 0 1 8 1997 1997107 174 77.0 10 0 1 9 1997 1997108 174 68.6 8 0 1 8 1997 1997109 174 104.0 10 0 1 9 1997 1997110 174 160.2 8 0 0 0 1997 1997111 174 112.3 14 0 1 13 1997 1997112 174 101.9 9 0 1 7 1997 1997113 175 108.2 11 1 0 0 1997 1997114 175 119.6 12 0 1 9 1997 1997115 175 69.7 8 0 1 8 1997 1997116 175 109.2 15 0 1 15 1997 1997117 175 160.2 9 1 0 0 1997 1997118 175 65.5 9 0 1 9 1997 1997119 175 92.6 9 0 1 9 1997 1997120 172-175 80.1 11 0 1 6 1997 1997121 172-175 52.0 14 0 1 11 1997 1997122 172-175 110.2 11 0 1 11 1997 1997123 172-175 111.3 13 0 1 1 1997 1997124 172-175 23.9 12 0 1 10 1997 1997125 172-175 118.6 8 0 1 2 1997 1997126 172-175 91.5 9 0 1 9 1997 1997127 172-175 96.7 11 0 1 8 1997 1997128 172-175 41.6 8 0 1 8 1997 1997129 172-175 107.1 9 1 0 0 1997 1997130 172-175 51.0 13 1 0 0 1997 1997131 172-175 38.5 9 1 0 0 1997 1997132 174 54.1 10 0 1 8 1997 1997133 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91.5 8 1 0 0 1997 1997165 177 21.8 10 0 1 7 1997 1997166 177 65.5 9 1 0 0 1997 1997167 177 63.4 12 0 1 11 1997 1997168 177 1.0 9 0 1 5 1997 1997169 177 48.9 8 0 1 7 1997 1997170 177 44.7 7 0 1 7 1997 1997171 178 52.0 15 0 1 14 1997 1997172 172-178 0.0 12 0 1 5 1997 1997173 178 78.0 10 0 0 0 1997 1997174 180 108.2 10 0 1 10 1997 1997175 180 79.0 13 1 0 0 1997 1997176 179-180 124.8 9 1 0 0 1997 1997177 180 103.0 7 1 0 0 1997 1997178 180 64.5 10 0 0 0 1997 1997179 180 57.2 11 0 1 10 1997 1997180 180 130.0 11 0 1 8 1997 1997181 181 140.4 7 0 1 7 1997 1997182 172-175 98.8 11 0 1 9 1997 1997183 181 26.0 10 0 1 9 1997 1997184 181 56.2 16 0 0 0 1997 1997185 181 99.8 7 0 1 5 1997 1997186 181 11.4 8 0 1 6 1997 1997187 181 119.6 10 1 0 0 1997 1997188 181 30.2 8 0 1 5 1997 1997189 181 151.8 9 1 0 0 1997 1997190 181 115.4 9 0 1 9 1997 1997191 181 55.1 8 0 1 8 1997 1997192 182 61.4 11 0 1 11 1997 1997193 182 116.5 10 1 0 0 1997 1997194 182 111.3 9 1 0 0 1997 1997195 182 32.2 9 1 0 0 1997 1997196 182 56.2 11 0 1 9 1997 1997197 181 98.8 12 0 1 12 1997 1997198 -999.9 64.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1997 1997199 -999.9 77.0 -999.9 0 0 0 1998 1998001 146 40.6 8 0 1 9 1998 1998002 146 79.0 8 1 0 0 1998 1998003 146 160.2 13 0 1 9 1998 1998004 146 90.5 9 0 1 4 1998 1998005 146 80.1 13 0 1 8 1998 1998006 146 38.5 10 0 1 10 1998 1998007 147 160.2 12 0 1 9 1998 1998008 147 28.1 11 1 0 0 1998 1998009 147 148.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998010 147 64.5 11 0 1 1 1998 1998011 147 132.1 12 0 1 11 1998 1998012 147 169.5 5 0 1 3 1998 1998016 147 108.2 8 1 0 0 1998 1998017 148 107.1 13 0 1 10 1998 1998018 148 82.2 12 0 1 11 1998 1998019 148 66.6 12 0 1 12 1998 1998020 148 7.3 12 0 0 0 1998 1998021 148 29.1 15 0 1 13 1998 1998022 148 44.7 14 0 1 8 1998 1998023 148 112.3 13 0 1 12 1998 1998024 148 94.6 9 0 1 9 1998 1998025 148 119.6 12 0 1 3 1998 1998026 148 93.6 14 0 1 12 1998 1998028 148 112.3 12 0 1 12 1998 1998029 148 134.2 8 1 0 0 1998 1998030 148 143.5 7 1 0 0 1998 1998031 148 90.5 13 1 0 0 1998 1998032 148 142.5 11 0 1 9 1998 1998033 148 104.0 13 0 1 1 1998 1998034 148 66.6 10 0 1 10 1998 1998035 148 85.3 9 1 0 0 1998 1998036 148 109.2 11 0 1 1 1998 1998037 149 118.6 11 0 1 11 1998 1998038 149 73.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998039 149 109.2 5 0 0 0 1998 1998040 149 74.9 11 1 0 0 1998 1998041 149 111.3 12 1 0 0 1998 1998042 149 77.0 8 0 1 1 1998 1998043 149 120.6 13 0 0 0 1998 1998044 150 99.8 12 0 1 10 1998 1998045 150 91.5 8 0 1 8 1998 1998046 150 72.8 10 1 0 0 1998 1998047 150 88.4 9 1 0 0 1998 1998048 151 134.2 7 1 0 0 1998 1998051 152 71.8 10 0 1 10 1998 1998052 153 114.4 12 1 0 0 1998 1998053 153 82.2 15 0 1 10 1998 1998054 153 99.8 13 0 0 0 1998 1998055 153 142.5 8 1 0 0 1998 1998056 <154 121.7 -999.9 0 1 10 1998 1998057 <154 70.7 -999.9 0 1 5 1998 1998058 <154 118.6 -999.9 0 1 5 1998 1998059 146 130.0 -999.9 0 1 10 1998 1998060 <154 158.1 -999.9 0 1 6 1998 1998061 <154 162.2 -999.9 0 1 12 1998 1998062 <154 99.8 -999.9 0 1 7 1998 1998063 <154 135.2 -999.9 0 1 9 1998 1998064 <154 185.1 -999.9 0 1 12 1998 1998065 <154 125.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998066 <154 96.7 -999.9 0 1 5 1998 1998067 <154 8.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998068 <154 85.3 -999.9 0 1 13 1998 1998069 <156 114.4 -999.9 0 1 11 1998 1998070 <156 146.6 -999.9 0 1 11 1998 1998071 <156 17.7 -999.9 0 1 11 1998 1998072 <156 12.5 -999.9 0 1 9 1998 1998073 <158 77.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998074 <158 42.6 -999.9 0 1 10 1998 1998075 <158 95.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998076 <158 47.8 -999.9 0 1 7 1998 1998077 <158 69.7 -999.9 0 1 4 1998 1998078 <158 132.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998079 <158 101.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998080 <158 166.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998081 <158 86.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998082 161 29.1 8 0 1 8 1998 1998083 <161 78.0 -999.9 0 1 4 1998 1998084 <161 75.9 -999.9 0 1 7 1998 1998085 <161 113.4 -999.9 0 1 13 1998 1998086 <161 115.4 -999.9 0 1 9 1998 1998087 161 59.3 9 1 0 0 1998 1998088 161 47.8 14 1 0 0 1998 1998089 161 100.9 12 0 1 9 1998 1998090 162 74.9 12 0 1 11 1998 1998091 162 108.2 12 1 0 0 1998 1998092 <163 101.9 -999.9 0 1 10 1998 1998093 163 93.6 13 0 1 10 1998 1998094 164 129.0 9 0 1 8 1998 1998095 164 42.6 16 0 1 16 1998 1998096 164 39.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998097 165 38.5 13 0 1 12 1998 1998098 165 48.9 13 0 1 11 1998 1998099 165 99.8 9 0 1 2 1998 1998100 165 125.8 14 0 1 11 1998 1998101 165 65.5 11 1 0 0 1998 1998102 165 109.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998103 166 59.3 16 0 1 14 1998 1998104 166 78.0 8 1 0 0 1998 1998105 166 39.5 12 0 1 9 1998 1998106 165 58.2 11 0 1 9 1998 1998107 166 116.5 11 0 1 8 1998 1998108 166 15.6 13 0 1 12 1998 1998109 167 88.4 9 0 1 8 1998 1998110 167 151.8 12 0 1 11 1998 1998113 167 85.3 8 0 1 8 1998 1998116 167 110.2 14 0 1 13 1998 1998117 167 19.8 11 1 0 0 1998 1998118 167 31.2 13 0 1 13 1998 1998120 167 35.4 11 0 1 11 1998 1998121 167 63.4 15 0 0 0 1998 1998122 167 153.9 12 0 1 12 1998 1998123 168 65.5 12 0 1 10 1998 1998124 <168 37.4 -999.9 0 1 8 1998 1998125 168 26.0 10 0 0 0 1998 1998126 168 121.7 15 0 1 13 1998 1998127 168 54.1 -999.9 0 1 8 1998 1998128 <168 5.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998129 168 108.2 9 1 0 0 1998 1998130 169 77.0 7 0 1 6 1998 1998131 169 95.7 13 0 1 13 1998 1998132 169 45.8 10 0 1 10 1998 1998134 169 153.9 10 0 1 4 1998 1998135 169 9.4 9 0 1 9 1998 1998137 169 1.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998138 169 46.8 12 0 1 10 1998 1998139 170 62.4 11 0 1 8 1998 1998142 147 69.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998143 170 97.8 6 0 1 5 1998 1998144 171 101.9 11 1 0 0 1998 1998145 171 66.6 12 0 1 12 1998 1998146 171 40.6 9 0 1 8 1998 1998148 172 69.7 12 0 1 12 1998 1998149 172 83.2 17 1 0 0 1998 1998150 <172 5.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998151 172 4.2 15 1 0 0 1998 1998152 173 58.2 11 0 1 10 1998 1998153 <173 44.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998155 174 95.7 11 0 1 10 1998 1998156 174 35.4 8 0 1 8 1998 1998158 175 148.7 13 0 1 13 1998 1998159 175 37.4 12 1 0 0 1998 1998161 175 23.9 10 0 1 3 1998 1998162 175 90.5 10 1 0 0 1998 1998163 175 21.8 9 0 1 9 1998 1998164 175 81.1 13 0 1 13 1998 1998165 175 64.5 12 1 0 0 1998 1998166 176 31.2 11 1 0 0 1998 1998167 176 79.0 10 0 1 8 1998 1998168 176 71.8 12 0 1 12 1998 1998169 177 93.6 12 1 0 0 1998 1998170 177 84.2 9 1 0 0 1998 1998171 177 145.6 13 1 0 0 1998 1998172 178 159.1 7 0 1 3 1998 1998173 178 82.2 3 1 0 0 1998 1998174 178 70.7 8 0 1 7 1998 1998175 178 103.0 9 0 1 9 1998 1998176 178 100.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1998 1998177 178 47.8 10 1 0 0 1998 1998178 178 31.2 12 0 1 12 1998 1998179 178 14.6 14 0 1 4 1998 1998180 179 74.9 9 1 0 0 1998 1998181 179 39.5 7 1 0 0 1998 1998182 179 119.6 8 0 1 8 1998 1998183 179 93.6 9 1 0 0 1998 1998184 179 47.8 7 1 0 0 1998 1998185 179 58.2 9 0 1 7 1998 1998186 179 113.4 9 0 1 9 1998 1998187 179 85.3 9 1 0 0 1998 1998188 179 113.4 11 1 0 0 1998 1998189 180 34.3 8 1 0 0 1998 1998190 180 6.2 11 1 0 0 1998 1998191 180 94.6 11 1 0 0 1998 1998192 180 63.4 13 1 0 0 1998 1998193 180 169.5 7 1 0 0 1998 1998194 181 106.1 10 0 1 9 1998 1998195 182 125.8 10 1 0 0 1998 1998196 182 58.2 14 0 1 10 1998 1998197 182 82.2 7 1 0 0 1998 1998198 182 80.1 10 0 1 10 1998 1998199 182 110.2 13 1 0 0 1998 1998200 183 130.0 7 0 1 7 1999 1999001 146 149.8 12 1 0 0 1999 1999002 147 132.1 13 1 0 0 1999 1999003 147 73.8 11 1 0 0 1999 1999004 147 58.2 10 0 1 10 1999 1999005 147 126.9 11 1 0 0 1999 1999006 147 94.6 11 0 1 4 1999 1999007 148 152.9 11 1 0 0 1999 1999008 148 80.1 16 1 0 0 1999 1999009 148 135.2 10 1 0 0 1999 1999010 148 183.0 12 1 0 0 1999 1999011 148 48.9 11 0 1 11 1999 1999012 148 167.4 11 0 1 6 1999 1999013 148 125.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999014 149 197.6 14 1 0 0 1999 1999015 149 138.3 10 1 0 0 1999 1999016 149 54.1 10 0 1 4 1999 1999017 149 43.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999018 150 9.4 9 0 1 4 1999 1999019 150 35.4 11 1 0 0 1999 1999020 150 118.6 10 1 0 0 1999 1999021 150 179.9 12 0 1 10 1999 1999022 150 141.4 12 0 1 6 1999 1999023 150 171.6 12 1 0 0 1999 1999024 150 122.7 10 1 0 0 1999 1999025 150 104.0 12 1 0 0 1999 1999026 150 114.4 12 1 0 0 1999 1999027 150 66.6 12 1 0 0 1999 1999028 150 176.8 13 1 0 0 1999 1999029 150 77.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999030 151 116.5 -999.9 0 1 4 1999 1999031 151 152.9 11 1 0 0 1999 1999032 151 153.9 9 0 1 4 1999 1999033 -1000 -999.9 -999.9 0 1 9 1999 1999034 151 94.6 11 0 1 10 1999 1999035 151 59.3 12 1 0 0 1999 1999036 151 87.4 10 1 0 0 1999 1999037 151 27.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999038 151 72.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999039 151 55.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999040 150 129.0 -999.9 0 1 7 1999 1999041 151 151.8 7 1 0 0 1999 1999042 151 38.5 13 0 1 1 1999 1999043 151 63.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999044 151 75.9 13 1 0 0 1999 1999045 151 57.2 9 1 0 0 1999 1999046 151 70.7 13 1 0 0 1999 1999047 151 127.9 11 1 0 0 1999 1999048 151 90.5 10 1 0 0 1999 1999049 151 79.0 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999050 151 109.2 12 1 0 0 1999 1999051 151 181.0 11 1 0 0 1999 1999052 151 4.2 13 1 0 0 1999 1999053 151 114.4 11 0 1 1 1999 1999054 151 106.1 9 1 0 0 1999 1999055 151 72.8 7 0 1 5 1999 1999056 151 165.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999059 151 115.4 15 1 0 0 1999 1999060 151 81.1 15 1 0 0 1999 1999061 151 120.6 10 1 0 0 1999 1999062 151 19.8 11 1 0 0 1999 1999063 151 69.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999064 151 48.9 12 0 1 3 1999 1999065 151 165.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999066 151 186.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999067 152 160.2 11 1 0 0 1999 1999068 152 135.2 11 1 0 0 1999 1999069 152 69.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999070 152 151.8 11 1 0 0 1999 1999071 152 31.2 14 1 0 0 1999 1999072 153 60.3 11 1 0 0 1999 1999073 153 40.6 11 0 1 9 1999 1999074 153 10.4 10 1 0 0 1999 1999075 153 32.2 13 0 0 0 1999 1999076 154 88.4 10 1 0 0 1999 1999077 156 163.3 8 1 0 0 1999 1999078 156 132.1 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999079 156 110.2 11 1 0 0 1999 1999080 156 64.5 10 1 0 0 1999 1999081 156 99.8 7 1 0 0 1999 1999082 156 155.0 12 1 0 0 1999 1999083 156 57.2 11 1 0 0 1999 1999084 156 70.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999085 156 88.4 11 1 0 0 1999 1999086 156 78.0 8 1 0 0 1999 1999087 157 172.6 8 1 0 0 1999 1999088 157 107.1 13 1 0 0 1999 1999089 157 122.7 11 0 1 10 1999 1999091 157 118.6 17 1 0 0 1999 1999092 157 49.9 10 1 0 0 1999 1999093 158 84.2 10 1 0 0 1999 1999094 158 109.2 13 1 0 0 1999 1999095 160 148.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999096 160 116.5 11 1 0 0 1999 1999097 160 96.7 8 1 0 0 1999 1999098 161 56.2 12 1 0 0 1999 1999099 161 95.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999100 161 112.3 12 1 0 0 1999 1999101 161 64.5 17 1 0 0 1999 1999102 161 118.6 12 0 1 7 1999 1999103 161 40.6 11 0 1 8 1999 1999104 161 47.8 8 1 0 0 1999 1999105 161 141.4 9 1 0 0 1999 1999106 161 192.4 9 1 0 0 1999 1999107 161 166.4 12 0 1 10 1999 1999108 162 47.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999109 162 167.4 14 1 0 0 1999 1999110 162 155.0 9 1 0 0 1999 1999111 162 95.7 11 1 0 0 1999 1999112 162 75.9 8 1 0 0 1999 1999113 162-163 137.3 17 1 0 0 1999 1999114 163 81.1 13 0 1 10 1999 1999115 164 27.0 11 1 0 0 1999 1999116 165 82.2 9 1 0 0 1999 1999117 165 104.0 10 1 0 0 1999 1999118 <167 124.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999119 <167 99.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999120 <167 164.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999121 <167 48.9 -999.9 0 1 10 1999 1999122 <167 74.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999123 <167 46.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999124 <167 125.8 -999.9 0 1 5 1999 1999125 <167 35.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999126 <167 108.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999127 <167 136.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999128 <167 91.5 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999129 <167 93.6 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999130 167 28.1 12 1 0 0 1999 1999131 168 63.4 12 1 0 0 1999 1999132 168 37.4 11 1 0 0 1999 1999133 169 177.8 12 1 0 0 1999 1999134 169 104.0 10 1 0 0 1999 1999135 171 176.8 11 1 0 0 1999 1999136 171 194.5 13 1 0 0 1999 1999137 171 123.8 5 1 0 0 1999 1999138 171 73.8 12 1 0 0 1999 1999139 171 116.5 14 1 0 0 1999 1999140 171 112.3 13 0 1 13 1999 1999141 172 37.4 10 1 0 0 1999 1999142 172 96.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999143 172 111.3 12 1 0 0 1999 1999144 172 72.8 7 0 1 5 1999 1999145 172 68.6 11 1 0 0 1999 1999146 172 94.6 9 1 0 0 1999 1999147 172 84.2 13 1 0 0 1999 1999148 172 169.5 12 1 0 0 1999 1999149 172 52.0 8 0 1 4 1999 1999150 172 171.6 13 1 0 0 1999 1999151 172 138.3 13 0 1 9 1999 1999152 172 148.7 12 1 0 0 1999 1999153 173 115.4 11 1 0 0 1999 1999154 173 34.3 10 1 0 0 1999 1999155 173 127.9 11 1 0 0 1999 1999156 174 147.7 11 0 1 11 1999 1999157 174 90.5 13 0 0 0 1999 1999158 174 94.6 10 1 0 0 1999 1999159 174 101.9 10 0 1 10 1999 1999160 174 131.0 14 0 1 14 1999 1999161 174 89.4 9 0 1 5 1999 1999162 174 148.7 10 1 0 0 1999 1999163 174 118.6 12 1 0 0 1999 1999164 174 140.4 9 1 0 0 1999 1999165 174 174.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999166 174 101.9 13 1 0 0 1999 1999167 174 17.7 8 1 0 0 1999 1999168 174 117.5 12 1 0 0 1999 1999169 175 33.3 8 0 1 6 1999 1999170 175 158.1 14 0 1 9 1999 1999171 175 106.1 11 0 1 5 1999 1999172 175 137.3 8 1 0 0 1999 1999173 176 95.7 9 1 0 0 1999 1999174 176 98.8 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999175 176 67.6 9 1 0 0 1999 1999176 178 100.9 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999177 <176 135.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999178 <176 132.1 -999.9 0 1 11 1999 1999179 <176 89.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999180 <176 122.7 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999181 <176 167.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999182 <176 117.5 -999.9 0 1 11 1999 1999183 <176 8.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999184 <176 59.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999185 179 45.8 12 1 0 0 1999 1999186 178 55.1 8 1 0 0 1999 1999187 <178 113.4 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999188 178 17.7 9 1 0 0 1999 1999189 178 185.1 9 1 0 0 1999 1999190 <178 181.0 -999.9 0 1 11 1999 1999191 174 38.5 -999.9 0 1 4 1999 1999192 179 74.9 11 0 1 11 1999 1999193 179 113.4 -999.9 0 1 9 1999 1999194 179 69.7 11 1 0 0 1999 1999195 <178 83.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999196 179 168.5 -999.9 0 1 7 1999 1999197 178 161.2 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999198 179 78.0 -999.9 0 1 11 1999 1999199 179 195.5 -999.9 0 1 10 1999 1999200 179 92.6 9 0 1 9 1999 1999201 179 107.1 10 1 0 0 1999 1999202 179 12.5 13 1 0 0 1999 1999203 179 29.1 8 1 0 0 1999 1999204 180 6.2 13 1 0 0 1999 1999205 180 94.6 11 1 0 0 1999 1999206 <180 34.3 -999.9 1 0 0 1999 1999207 181 34.3 12 0 1 12 1999 1999208 181 55.1 8 1 0 0 1999 1999209 181 82.2 11 0 1 10 1999 1999210 181 53.0 10 1 0 0 1999 1999211 181 -999.9 10 0 1 3 1999 1999212 182 123.8 9 0 1 7 1999 1999213 182 10.4 8 0 1 8 2000 2000001 138 109.2 9 0 1 9 2000 2000002 143 105.0 12 0 1 1 2000 2000003 143 109.2 11 0 1 11 2000 2000004 143 56.2 9 0 1 9 2000 2000005 144 129.0 13 0 1 13 2000 2000006 144 51.0 13 1 0 0 2000 2000007 145 192.4 9 0 1 7 2000 2000008 145 104.0 12 0 1 9 2000 2000009 145 98.8 11 0 1 11 2000 2000010 145 27.0 11 0 1 2 2000 2000011 147 64.5 11 0 0 0 2000 2000012 150 168.5 14 1 0 0 2000 2000013 150 81.1 11 0 1 7 2000 2000014 151 175.8 9 0 1 8 2000 2000015 151 82.2 12 1 0 0 2000 2000016 151 41.6 11 0 1 10 2000 2000017 151 97.8 9 0 1 6 2000 2000018 151 56.2 11 0 1 10 2000 2000019 151 117.5 9 0 1 9 2000 2000020 151 81.1 8 0 1 7 2000 2000023 151 70.7 14 0 0 0 2000 2000024 151 89.4 10 0 1 3 2000 2000025 151 58.2 11 0 1 4 2000 2000030 152 89.4 11 1 0 0 2000 2000031 152 53.0 10 0 1 4 2000 2000032 152 51.0 6 0 1 7 2000 2000033 -999.9 28.1 13 0 1 12 2000 2000034 153 122.7 11 0 1 11 2000 2000035 153 82.2 12 1 0 0 2000 2000036 153 93.6 12 0 0 0 2000 2000037 153 126.9 10 0 1 10 2000 2000039 153 121.7 8 0 0 0 2000 2000040 153 81.1 9 0 1 1 2000 2000041 153 169.5 10 0 1 10 2000 2000042 153 161.2 11 0 1 9 2000 2000043 154 79.0 7 1 0 0 2000 2000044 153 40.6 -999.9 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0 0 2006 2006106 157 97.8 -999.9 0 1 2 2006 2006107 157 157.0 -999.9 0 1 13 2006 2006108 157 73.8 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006109 157 37.4 -999.9 0 1 5 2006 2006110 157 58.2 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006111 157 75.9 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006112 157 112.3 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006113 157 113.4 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006114 157 87.4 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006115 157 53.0 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006116 157 2.1 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006117 157 68.6 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006118 157 40.6 9 0 1 6 2006 2006119 157 152.9 3 1 0 0 2006 2006120 157 91.5 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006121 157 118.6 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006122 157 168.5 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006123 158 96.7 -999.9 0 1 12 2006 2006124 158 90.5 14 1 0 0 2006 2006125 158 68.6 8 1 0 0 2006 2006126 158 77.0 -999.9 0 0 0 2006 2006127 158 125.8 -999.9 0 1 3 2006 2006128 158 138.3 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006129 158 166.4 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006130 158 117.5 6 1 0 0 2006 2006131 158 109.2 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006132 158 84.2 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006133 158 117.5 -999.9 0 0 0 2006 2006134 158 58.2 6 1 0 0 2006 2006135 159 44.7 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006136 159 156.0 -999.9 0 1 4 2006 2006137 159 108.2 -999.9 0 0 0 2006 2006138 159 159.1 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006139 159 93.6 -999.9 0 1 12 2006 2006140 163 82.2 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006141 163 75.9 12 0 1 11 2006 2006142 164 46.8 11 0 1 9 2006 2006143 164 108.2 14 0 1 13 2006 2006144 164 125.8 12 0 1 9 2006 2006145 164 119.6 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006146 164 54.1 12 1 0 0 2006 2006147 164 85.3 12 1 0 0 2006 2006148 164 42.6 10 1 0 0 2006 2006149 164 112.3 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006150 164 104.0 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006151 164 89.4 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006152 164 68.6 11 0 1 11 2006 2006153 164 34.3 13 0 1 11 2006 2006154 164 81.1 -999.9 0 1 3 2006 2006155 164 70.7 11 1 0 0 2006 2006156 164 85.3 11 1 0 0 2006 2006157 164 85.3 10 1 0 0 2006 2006158 165 2.1 -999.9 0 1 13 2006 2006159 165 10.4 -999.9 0 1 7 2006 2006160 165 95.7 -999.9 0 -999.9 -999.9 2006 2006161 165 96.7 -999.9 0 1 13 2006 2006162 165 120.6 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006163 165 147.7 -999.9 0 1 8 2006 2006164 165 155.0 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006165 165 71.8 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006166 165 106.1 10 0 0 0 2006 2006167 165 138.3 10 0 1 4 2006 2006168 165 55.1 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006169 165 174.7 -999.9 0 1 6 2006 2006170 165 57.2 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006171 165 166.4 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006172 165 153.9 11 0 0 0 2006 2006173 166 127.9 10 0 1 7 2006 2006174 166 71.8 -999.9 0 1 8 2006 2006175 166 127.9 -999.9 0 1 8 2006 2006176 166 97.8 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006177 166 93.6 12 1 0 0 2006 2006178 166 40.6 15 1 0 0 2006 2006179 166 33.3 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006180 166 101.9 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006181 167 27.0 -999.9 0 1 12 2006 2006182 167 15.6 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006183 167 58.2 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006184 167 91.5 13 0 1 9 2006 2006185 167 53.0 -999.9 0 1 3 2006 2006186 167 60.3 12 0 1 4 2006 2006187 167 124.8 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006188 168 25.0 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006189 168 139.4 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006190 168 182.0 11 0 1 5 2006 2006191 168 106.1 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006192 168 79.0 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006193 168 146.6 8 1 0 0 2006 2006194 168 97.8 -999.9 0 1 13 2006 2006195 168 151.8 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006196 168 155.0 -999.9 0 1 2 2006 2006197 168 94.6 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006198 168 99.8 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006199 167 67.6 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006200 168 136.2 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006201 169 15.6 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006202 169 58.2 -999.9 0 1 13 2006 2006203 169 99.8 -999.9 0 1 6 2006 2006204 169 114.4 8 0 1 6 2006 2006205 169 78.0 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006206 169 65.5 -999.9 0 1 5 2006 2006207 169 72.8 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006208 169 94.6 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006209 169 114.4 -999.9 0 1 15 2006 2006210 169 113.4 -999.9 0 1 8 2006 2006211 169 86.3 9 1 0 0 2006 2006212 170 85.3 -999.9 0 0 0 2006 2006213 170 119.6 -999.9 0 1 6 2006 2006214 170 131.0 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006215 170 86.3 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006216 170 53.0 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006217 170 96.7 -999.9 0 1 6 2006 2006218 170 74.9 -999.9 0 1 10 2006 2006219 170 93.6 12 0 1 4 2006 2006220 170 39.5 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006221 170 71.8 9 0 1 6 2006 2006222 170 130.0 -999.9 0 1 7 2006 2006223 171 68.6 6 0 1 6 2006 2006224 171 70.7 16 0 1 11 2006 2006225 171 92.6 13 0 1 9 2006 2006226 171 124.8 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006227 <172 117.5 -999.9 0 1 7 2006 2006228 172 38.5 14 0 1 11 2006 2006229 172 116.5 13 1 0 0 2006 2006230 172 41.6 4 0 0 0 2006 2006231 172 108.2 11 0 1 11 2006 2006232 172 53.0 10 0 1 10 2006 2006233 172 120.6 9 0 1 8 2006 2006234 173 114.4 7 0 1 6 2006 2006235 174 78.0 9 1 0 0 2006 2006236 174 103.0 7 0 1 6 2006 2006237 174 92.6 9 0 1 8 2006 2006238 175 98.8 10 1 0 0 2006 2006239 175 64.5 9 0 1 9 2006 2006240 175 124.8 -999.9 1 0 0 2006 2006241 176 93.6 -999.9 0 1 11 2006 2006242 176 43.7 -999.9 0 1 2 2006 2006243 176 44.7 -999.9 0 1 3 2006 2006244 176 117.5 10 0 1 8 2006 2006245 176 99.8 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006246 176 123.8 -999.9 0 1 6 2006 2006247 176 116.5 12 0 1 12 2006 2006248 176 93.6 10 0 1 8 2006 2006249 176 118.6 8 0 1 0 2006 2006250 176 92.6 -999.9 0 1 12 2006 2006251 176 109.2 11 0 1 10 2006 2006252 177 117.5 8 0 1 6 2006 2006253 177 27.0 8 0 1 8 2006 2006254 177 108.2 10 0 1 9 2006 2006255 177 84.2 10 0 1 7 2006 2006256 178 36.4 8 0 1 7 2006 2006257 178 27.0 11 0 1 9 2006 2006258 178 152.9 14 0 1 13 2006 2006259 178 142.5 10 1 0 0 2006 2006260 178 58.2 12 0 1 3 2006 2006261 179 114.4 7 0 1 7 2006 2006262 179 110.2 10 0 1 2 2006 2006263 179 80.1 -999.9 0 1 9 2006 2006264 179 149.8 11 0 1 11 2006 2006265 179 94.6 4 0 0 0 2006 2006266 179 73.8 13 0 1 12 2006 2006267 179 120.6 -999.9 0 1 12 2006 2006268 179 32.2 -999.9 1 0 0 PKN¡ò!— !— PK Š[|X sÙ sÙ metadata.htmUT TTfTTfLisa E. Schwanz, Rachel M. Bowden, Ricky-John Spencer, and Fredric J. Janzen. 2009. Nesting ecology and offspring recruitment in a long-lived turtle. Ecology 90:1709.
INTRODUCTION
For long-lived animals, early-life stages are often considered to be minor components of population demography, with the assumption that the performance of advanced juveniles and reproductive-aged individuals contributes more to population structure (e.g., Crouse et al 1987; Heppell et al 1996; Heppell 1998). Despite this assumption, few long-term data are available to test whether variation and temporal fluctuations in the vital rates of early life stages play a substantive role in population dynamics (Dutton et al 2005; Spencer and Thompson 2005; Wisdom et al 2000). In addition, if the recruitment of early life stages is affected by maternal reproductive behavior, natural selection on the reproductive success of individuals could alter reproductive behavior and, thereby, population dynamics. Maternal reproductive behavior influences offspring phenotype in many animals, which may have fitness consequences for both mothers and offspring (Deeming and Ferguson 1991; Bernardo 1996; Gagliano and McCormick 2006; Marshall and Uller 2007; Mousseau and Fox 1998a,b; Räsänen and Kruuk 2007). For animals that terminate maternal care at egg deposition, maternal provisioning of eggs and nest characteristics such as temperature, moisture, and pH, can influence embryonic growth, morphology and viability (Deeming and Ferguson 1991). In addition, incubation temperature determines embryonic sex in many long-lived reptiles (temperature-dependent sex determination, TSD; Bull 1980, Janzen and Paukstis 1991). Furthermore, the timing of nesting and nest-site selection may influence depredation and parasitism rates. Thus, maternal nesting ecology and hatchling recruitment may be more influential in population dynamics than previously thought. Little is known about long-term patterns in the nesting ecology of populations of long-lived vertebrates, and as a consequence, we have a limited understanding of natural fluctuations in population demography and the consequences of such fluctuations.
We have been monitoring a population of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in Illinois, USA, for 18 years in an effort to better understand the ecology, evolution and demographic consequences of maternal nesting behavior (i.e., timing of nesting and nest-site selection) and temperature-dependent sex determination on offspring phenotype. The population of painted turtles used for this ongoing long-term project was studied at one major nesting beach (41°57' N, 90°07' W) along the backwaters of the Mississippi River near Thomson, Illinois, USA. Painted turtles are an aquatic species that nests in large numbers on nesting beaches at our study site. They dig shallow nests that contain 3–21 eggs per clutch (mean = 10.5, mode = 10), and females may deposit up to three separate nests during a single nesting season in this area. Hatchling painted turtles remain in the nest for winter hibernation and emerge the following spring (Weisrock and Janzen 1999).
Data were collected to examine the role of nesting phenology, nest-site selection, depredation rates, and clutch success on hatchling recruitment. The site was monitored daily for the duration of the nesting season between 1989 and 2006. We excavated nests in the fall of each year to determine nest survivorship. These efforts provided data for each nest describing date of laying, vegetation cover, depredation, and hatchling survival. For a subset of the nests, clutch size was also known.
Portions of these data have been used to address numerous ecological and evolutionary questions. Data for onset and duration of the nesting season have provided the starting point for computer simulations and empirical assessments of the biotic impact of climate warming on populations of turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD; Janzen 1994a; Morjan 2003a, b; Schwanz and Janzen 2008). Female turtles have been shown to demonstrate repeatability in selection of nest vegetation cover (Janzen and Morjan 2001). In addition, nest vegetation cover has been shown to be spatially autocorrelated and to influence nest temperature and sex ratio (Janzen 1994b; Valenzuela and Janzen 2001). Portions of the data set have also been used to show that depredation is a strong component of nest survival (up to 95.8% nest depredation in a year), and is nonrandom with respect to nest location (Kolbe and Janzen 2002). Moreover, the probability of nest depredation is influenced by the nature of precipitation events, with heavy rain on the day of nest construction reducing the frequency with which nests are destroyed by predators (Bowen and Janzen 2005). These studies have made valuable contributions to our understanding of the ecology and evolution of nest-site selection, yet many questions remain. We intend for the data provided here to be used by researchers to explore such issues in greater detail and by teachers to illustrate the linkage between maternal behavior, offspring recruitment, and population dynamics of a globally imperiled taxon.
METADATA
CLASS I. DATA SET DESCRIPTORS
A. Data set identity: Nesting attributes of Painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) on Thomson Causeway, IL: timing, vegetation cover, clutch size, depredation, and hatchling survival.
B. Data set identification code: Chrysemys_picta_1989-2006.txt
C. Data set description
Principal Investigator: Fredric J. Janzen, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
Abstract: The role of early life stages (eggs, neonates, and juveniles) for population persistence in long-lived organisms is thought to be minor. However, few long-term data sets are available to test this assumption. Variation in vital rates over space and time and the potential for the success of early life stages to shape adult reproductive behavior evolutionarily suggest that more thorough consideration of these life stages is necessary. In particular, the impact of climatic variation on early life-stage recruitment is not well understood. Furthermore, predation occupies a significant role in theoretical models of population dynamics, but its impact on populations through variable vital rates of early life stages is unknown. Maternal nest site selection, an important component of nesting ecology, may influence many offspring traits and respond to selection to optimize offspring success. Overall, we have limited information regarding the long-term patterns of natural fluctuations in the nesting ecology and hatchling recruitment of populations of long-lived organisms.
The research site for this ongoing long-term project is on an island (41°57' N, 90°07' W) in the Mississippi River near Thomson, Illinois, USA. Painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) have been studied extensively at this location since 1989 to examine the ecology and potential demographic consequences of nest-site selection and depredation, with the aim of understanding the evolution of maternal nesting behavior and its effects on offspring phenotype. We monitored the site every day of the nesting season each year to record nesting and depredation events. The data presented here include nesting phenology, nest vegetation cover, total number of nesting events, clutch size, depredation, and hatchling survival.
Portions of this data set have been used to address related questions in ecology and evolutionary biology. In particular, climatic variation influences the probability of nest depredation events. Such events are typically nonrandom, primarily occurring adjacent to habitat edges. Because habitat edges may have atypical vegetation composition and vegetation influences nest temperature, such nonrandom depredation could influence offspring recruitment and, hence, population structure. Given the unique scope and accessibility of this data set, researchers and teachers should find it to be a valuable empirical resource for exploring important facets of nesting ecology and hatchling recruitment in a wild population of a long-lived species.
D. Key words: climate change; maternal effects; nesting behavior; predation; temperature-dependent sex determination; turtles.
CLASS II. RESEARCH ORIGIN DESCRIPTORS
A. Overall project description
Identity: Nesting behavior, nest depredation, and offspring recruitment of Painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in Illinois.
Originator: Fredric J. Janzen, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
Period of Study: 1989 – 2006 (ongoing)
Objectives: To use data on nesting behavior of painted turtles, nest depredation, and hatchling recruitment to test hypotheses concerning the evolutionary consequences of maternal reproductive behavior and nesting ecology on population structure.
Abstract: Same as above.
Sources of funding: All data collection has been supported by the NSF (DDIG BSR-8914686, DEB-9629529, UMEB IBN-0080194, LTREB DEB-0089680, IBN-0212935), as well as the ASIH Gaige Fund, Sigma Xi, and the Department of Zoology and Genetics at Iowa State University.
B. Specific subproject description
1. Site description: We monitored nesting events of painted turtles at one nesting beach (South Potter's Marsh) on the Thomson Causeway, near Thomson, Illinois, USA. The Thomson Causeway is an island of Illinois in the Mississippi River near the Illinois shore. The island consists of mixed forest interspersed with cleared, open woodland. The majority of the island is roughly 1.0 m above river-water level (583 ft msl). The nesting beach consists of a grassy area, approximately 250 × 75 m (~1.5 ha), on the eastern edge of the island (facing Illinois). The west and south sides of the nesting beach are bordered by woodland. The east side borders the backwaters of the Mississippi River. The area is largely flat, with the exception of the short slope to the edge of the water.
Geography: Thomson Causeway is located at 41°57' N, 90°07' W in the Mississippi River, USA. The island is approximately 450 × 900 m in area and approximately 200 m from Illinois.
Habitat: The nesting beach is a grassy area, with varying cover from cottonwood, maple, oak, and juniper trees (Janzen and Morjan 2001). The nesting locations are between 0.01 and 1.0 m above river water level.
Geology: The nesting beach consists of moist loam soil. The shoreline of the site on the backwaters of the Mississippi River has an east aspect. With the exception of the immediate shoreline, the nesting beach is level.
Watersheds/hydrology: The site is adjacent to the backwaters of the Mississippi River.
Site history: The Thomson Causeway was formed in the 1930s when development of Lock and Dam 13 at Fulton, Illinois (approximately 6 km south of Thomson) elevated the Mississippi River, isolating the site from mainland Illinois. In the early 1960s, the field site was partially cleared to develop a recreation area. Portions of the nesting beach were covered with blacktop and developed with underground piping and electricity to designated campsites in 1983.
Climate: The site experiences typical climate for the midwest USA. January air temperatures average -2.0/-11.9°C and July air temperatures average 29.7/15.6°C. Annual precipitation averages (960 mm). Data are from Mount Carroll, Illinois weather station (1901–2006 averages, Illinois State Water Survey).
2. Sampling design
Design characteristics: The sampling regime was designed to record the majority of painted turtle nesting events at South Potter’s Marsh. Annual sampling periods encompassed the nesting season (late May to early July), providing data on nesting phenology. Hourly monitoring between sunrise and sunset was adequate to detect the majority of nesting events, while not producing excessive disturbance to nesting females. Females often produce two clutches in a year.
Data collection
period: We monitored the nesting beach annually between 1989 and 2006 from
mid-May until early July (spring sampling period). Most turtles nest in June,
so this period encompasses the annual nesting season of painted turtles at this
site. During this sampling period, the site was monitored hourly from sunrise
to sunset every day for the presence of nesting female turtles (except for
1990, 1991, and 1994, which had more sporadic checks for visually-recognizable
nests). Nests were checked every three days during the spring-summer sampling
period for depredation events. Eggs hatch roughly 2–3 months after they are
laid and the hatchlings remain in the nests for winter hibernation. The fall
sampling period consisted of the third weekend in September every year. During
this period, all nests that were not known to be depredated (active nests) were
relocated and excavated.
3. Research methods: Every day during the spring-summer sampling period,
the site was monitored hourly between sunrise and sunset for nesting painted
turtles. All observed nests were recorded. Once a female completed her nest,
the nest location was mapped by triangulating (nearest cm) with respect to
permanent local landmarks. In addition, numbered markers were placed above the
nest neck. Vegetation cover above each nest was recorded using a spherical
densiometer for each of the four cardinal directions (Janzen 1994b, Weisrock
and Janzen 1999). A subset of nests was excavated to count eggs. This
monitoring provided data on the total number of nests completed, the seasonal
phenology of nesting activity, nest-site characteristics (i.e. vegetation cover
and location), and clutch size. Nests were subsequently monitored during the
spring-summer sampling period for depredation events. Nest depredation on the
Thomson Causeway was largely attributed to raccoons and was easily detected as
there was an empty hole in the ground where the nest was located. Numbered
markers were frequently recovered from the predation hole. In the absence of
this direct evidence of the nest identity, the predated nest was distinguished
from any nearby intact nests by confirming that nearby nests retained their
markers above undisturbed soil or by using our nest measurements to confirm
nest locations. Nest monitoring provided data on the depredation of each nest.
During the fall sampling period, we relocated and excavated all active nests. The live hatchlings from each nest (0–16 hatchlings per nest; mean = 2.9, mode = 0) were counted and placed together in a plastic container and transported to Iowa State University. A subset of the hatchlings was sacrificed for the determination of sex. The remaining hatchlings were maintained in the laboratory over the winter under naturalistic conditions and released at the Thomson Causeway the following May. This sampling provided data on final nest depredation, nest survival and hatchling survival.
Taxonomy and systematics: Painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) are in the Family Emydidae (Starkey et al. 2003).Permit history: Research on the Thomson Causeway was performed with the permission of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
Legal/organizational requirements: Animal care permits have been held continuously during the study from the University of Chicago, the University of California-Davis, and Iowa State University.
4. Project personnel: Fredric Janzen, Ricky Spencer, Rachel Bowden, Lindsay Kasuga, Ryan Paitz, Heidi Harms, Lori Neuman-Lee, Yadira Ortiz, Jason Kolbe, James Krenz, Yewah Lau, David Weisrock, Paul Colbert, Carrie Morjan, Dan Warner, Luke Harmon, Jada Rohloff, Molly Reida, Lydia Neilsen, Amelia Gauger, Michael Mullins, and Curtis Eckerman all spent at least two full field seasons at the Thomson Causeway working on this long-term project.
CLASS III. DATA SET STATUS AND ACCESSIBILITY
A. Status
Latest update: The data set was last modified 12 May 2008. Data collection is ongoing.
Latest Archive date: 12 May 2008
Metadata status: The metadata are complete.
Data verification: The data in the data set were verified by confirming the accuracy of the original digital data entries of individual nests. This was done in the following manner. Nests were counted in a year if the original data sheets confirmed that the nest was real and unique. Nesting dates were confirmed randomly for each year (3–5% of nests checked). For nests that lacked nesting dates in the digital data files, the original data sheets were consulted and these data were entered into the data file when available. All original data entries of depredation events, nest survival, and number of live hatchlings were confirmed by comparing entered data with hand-written data on the original data sheets. Nests were counted as depredated if the data sheet indicated a depredation event, if the nest was empty during the fall sampling period, or if the data sheet did not indicate a fate, but no hatchlings or eggs were recovered from the nest. In some years, a portion of the nests was protected against depredation with subsurface metal grates. These nests were counted as depredated if digging marks of predators were present at the nest. These events were counted as depredation because, under normal situations, those nests would have been consumed. Any hatchlings produced by these nests were not included in the data set. Nests were counted as surviving if at least one live hatchling was recovered from the nest. Counts of live hatchlings in a nest excluded dead eggs and late-stage embryos. The original nest data have also been checked multiple times previously during the course of preparing publications using nest data (see below).
B. Accessibility
Storage location and medium: (Ecological Society of America data archives [Ecological Archives link], URL published in each issue of its journals). Original data in digital format and original data sheets are located at Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, in the Janzen Lab and in the office of Fredric Janzen.
Contact person: Fredric Janzen, email: fjanzen@iastate.edu, Tel. 515.294.4230, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Copyright restrictions: None.
Proprietary restrictions: NSF grants DEB-9629529 and DEB-0089680 should be acknowledged for providing the primary funding necessary to collect the data contained herein.
Costs: None.
CLASS IV. DATA STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data Set File
Identity:Chrysemys_picta_1989-2006.txt
Size: 3083 records, not including header row.
Format and storage mode: ASCII text, tab delimited
Header information: See variable names in Section B.
Alphanumeric attributes: Mixed
Special characters/fields: Missing data denoted as -999.9
Authentication procedures: The sums of selected columns are: Nest_Date=432858, S+W_Vegetation=140792.7, Live_Hatchlings=7898.1.
B. Variable definitions
Year: Year of data collection.
Nest: Unique nest identification number.
Nest_Date: Date nest was laid if known. Window of dates in which nest must have been laid, or date before (“<â€) or after (“>â€) which nest must have been laid if the nest was discovered later (Julian days).
S+W_Vegetation: South + West vegetation cover (%) over a nest.
Clutch_Size: The number of eggs in the nest, if recorded.
Nest_Predation: Indicates whether a nest was depredated before the fall excavation period (third weekend in September); 1 = depredated, 0 = not depredated.
Nest_Survival: Indicates whether a nest produced any live hatchlings at the fall excavation period (third weekend in September); 1 = the nest produced at least one live hatchling; 0 = the nest produced no live hatchlings (due to depredation or clutch mortality from unknown causes).
Live_Hatchlings: The number of live hatchlings excavated from the nest in the fall sampling period.
Variable name |
Variable definition |
Units |
Storage type |
Range numeric values |
Missing value codes |
Year |
Year |
N/A |
Integer |
1989-2006 |
N/A |
Nest |
Nest number |
N/A |
Integer |
1989001-2006268 |
N/A |
Nest_Date |
Date of nesting event or nesting window |
Julian |
Integer, range of integers, “<†or “>†integer |
variable |
-999.9 |
S+W_Vegetation |
Percent vegetation cover in south and west directions |
Percent |
Integer |
0 - 200 |
-999.9 |
Clutch_Size |
Clutch size laid in nest |
N/A |
Integer |
3 - 21 |
-999.9 |
Nest_Predation |
Depredation of nest |
N/A |
Integer |
0 - 1 |
-999.9 |
Nest_Survival |
Survival of nest |
N/A |
Integer |
0 - 1 |
-999.9 |
Live_Hatchlings |
Number of live hatchlings in the nest in the fall |
N/A |
Integer |
0 - 16 |
-999.9 |
C. Data anomalies: In 1993, the entire research site was flooded prior to depredation counts. For this reason, no data are available for 1993 on nest depredation. No nests survived in 1993 (all excavated nests had dead eggs). In all years, nests outside of South Potter’s Marsh were also recorded and numbered, but are not included in this data set. For a few nests, a greater number of live hatchlings were excavated in the fall than the number of eggs that had previously been recorded during spring-summer excavation. We assume, in these cases, that some eggs were overlooked during initial nest excavation in the spring-summer.
CLASS V. SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTORS
A. Data acquisition
Data forms: Customized data sheets with records of individual nesting events.
Location of completed data forms: Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
Data entry/verification procedures: Field personnel were supplied with data sheets to record nesting data in the field. Data were entered from field and other data sheets into a computer in the lab and double-checked. Files are stored on Janzen Lab computers at Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA, and on CD as Microsoft Excel files.
B. Quality assurance/quality control procedures: See descriptions of data verification (Class III, Section A), data entry/verification procedures (Class V, Section A), and computer programs and data processing algorithms (Class V, Section D).
C. Related material: Data on individual nests, including: female ID, first or second nesting event for the female, female size, spatial relatedness of nests, nest temperature profiles (for a subset of nests from 1995–2005), and clutch sex ratio.
D. Computer programs and data processing algorithms: Nests located outside of South Potter’s marsh were removed from the dataset. Nesting date in Julian days was calculated from the record of the calendar date of nesting (or nesting window), taking into account leap years. Vegetation cover data were processed from raw densiometer readings into percentage cover. Previous analyses have indicated that vegetation cover in the southern and western directions are most important in determining nest temperature and clutch sex ratio (Janzen 1994b, Morjan and Janzen 2003, Weisrock and Janzen 1999). South and west vegetation cover readings from the densiometer were multiplied by 1.04 to calculate percentage vegetation cover in those directions. These values were summed using the “sum†function of excel to calculate S+W Vegetation cover. In 2004 and 2005, vegetation cover was measured using a spherical lens on a digital camera. These digital images provide measures of transmitted solar radiation, which can be converted back to S+W Vegetation cover by a simple linear equation (verified from data of digital images and densiometer readings collected in 2003; Kasuga et al unpubl.)
E. Archiving: n/a
F. Publications using portions of the data set:
Bowen, K. D., and F. J. Janzen. 2005. Rainfall and depredation of nests of the Painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. Journal of Herpetology 39:649–652.
Colbert, P. L., R.-J. Spencer, and F. J. Janzen. 2009. Does the risk of predation drive incubation times in turtles? Functional Ecology 23:accepted pending revision.
Janzen, F. J. 1994a. Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91:7487–7490.
Janzen, F. J. 1994b. Vegetational cover predicts the sex ratio of hatchling turtles in natural nests. Ecology 75:1593–1599.
Janzen, F. J., and C. L. Morjan. 2001. Repeatability of microenvironment-specific nesting behaviour in a turtle with environmental sex determination. Animal Behaviour 62:73–82.
Kolbe, J. J., and F. J. Janzen. 2002. Spatial and temporal dynamics of turtle nest predation: edge effects. Oikos 99:538–544.
Morjan, C. L. 2003a. Variation in nesting patterns affecting nest temperatures in two populations of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) with temperature-dependent sex determination. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53:254–261.
Morjan, C. L. 2003b. How rapidly can maternal behavior affecting primary sex ratio evolve in a reptile with environmental sex determination? American Naturalist 162:205–219.
Morjan, C. L., and F. J. Janzen. 2003. Nest temperature is not related to egg size in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. Copeia 2003:366–372.
Schwanz, L. E., and F. J. Janzen. 2008. Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination: can individual plasticity in nesting phenology prevent extreme sex ratios? Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81:826–834.
Valenzuela, N., and F. J. Janzen. 2001. Nest-site philopatry and the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3:779–794.
Weisrock, D. W., and F. J. Janzen. 1999. Thermal and fitness-related consequences of nest location in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Functional Ecology 13:94–101.
G. Publications using the same sites:
Paitz, R. T., H. K. Harms, R. M. Bowden, and F. J. Janzen. 2007. Experience pays: offspring survival increases with female age. Biology Letters 3:44–46.
Valenzuela, N., and T. Shikano. 2006. Embryological ontogeny of Aromatase gene expression in Chrysemys picta and Apalone mutica turtles: comparative patterns within and across temperature-dependent and genotypic sex-determining mechanisms. Development, Genes and Evolution 217:55–62.
Valenzuela, N., A. LeClere, and T. Shikano. 2006. Comparative expression of steroidogenic factor 1 in Chrysemys picta and Apalone mutica turtles with environmental and genotypic sex determination. Evolution and Development 8:424–432.
Bowen, K. D., and F. J. Janzen. 2005. Rainfall and depredation of nests of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. Journal of Herpetology 39:649–652.
Bowen, K. D., R.-J. Spencer, and F. J. Janzen. 2005. A comparative study of environmental factors that affect nesting in Australian and North American freshwater turtles. Journal of Zoology 267:397–404.
Harms, H. K., R. T. Paitz, R. M. Bowden, and F. J. Janzen. 2005. Age and season impact resource allocation to eggs and nesting behavior in the painted turtle. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78:996–1004.
Bowden, R. M., H. K. Harms, R. T. Paitz, and F. J. Janzen. 2004. Does optimal egg size vary with demographic stage because of a physiological constraint? Functional Ecology 18:522–529.
Valenzuela, N., D. C. Adams, R. M. Bowden, and A. C. Gauger. 2004. Geometric morphometric sex estimation for hatchling turtles: a powerful alternative for detecting subtle sexual shape dimorphism. Copeia 2004:735–742.
Morjan, C. L. 2003a. Variation in nesting patterns affecting nest temperatures in two populations of painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) with temperature-dependent sex determination. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53:254–261.
Morjan, C. L. 2003b. How rapidly can maternal behavior affecting primary sex ratio evolve in a reptile with environmental sex determination? American Naturalist 162:205–219.
Morjan, C. L., and F. J. Janzen. 2003. Nest temperature is not related to egg size in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination. Copeia 2003:366–372.
Starkey, D. E., H. B. Shaffer, R. L. Burke, M. R. J. Forstner, J. B. Iverson, F. J. Janzen, A. G. J. Rhodin, and G. R. Ultsch. 2003. Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of Pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) complex. Evolution 57:119–128.
Janzen, F. J., and C. L. Morjan. 2002. Egg size, incubation temperature, and posthatching growth in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Journal of Herpetology 36:308–311.
Kolbe, J. J., and F. J. Janzen. 2002. Spatial and temporal dynamics of turtle nest predation: edge effects. Oikos 99:538–544.
Pearse, D. E., F. J. Janzen, and J. C. Avise. 2002. Multiple paternity, sperm storage, and reproductive success of female and male painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in nature. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51:164–171.
Janzen, F. J., and C. L. Morjan. 2001. Repeatability of microenvironment-specific nesting behaviour in a turtle with environmental sex determination. Animal Behaviour 62:73–82.
Morjan, C. L., and N. Valenzuela. 2001. Is ground-nuzzling by female turtles associated with soil surface temperatures? Journal of Herpetology 35:668–672.
Pearse, D. E., C. M. Eckerman, F. J. Janzen, and J. C. Avise. 2001. A genetic analogue of mark-recapture methods for estimating local population size: an approach based on molecular parentage assessments. Molecular Ecology 10:2711–2718.
Pearse, D. E., F. J. Janzen, and J. C. Avise. 2001. Genetic markers substantiate long-term storage and utilization of sperm by female painted turtles. Heredity 86:378–384.
Valenzuela, N., and F. J. Janzen. 2001. Nest-site philopatry and the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3:779–794.
Weisrock, D. W., and F. J. Janzen. 1999. Thermal and fitness-related consequences of nest location in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Functional Ecology 13:94-101.
Janzen, F. J., M. E. Wilson, J. K. Tucker, and S. P. Ford. 1998. Endogenous yolk steroid hormones in turtles with different sex-determining mechanisms. General and Comparative Endocrinology 111:306–317.
Brodie, E. D., III, and F. J. Janzen. 1996. On the assignment of fitness values in statistical analyses of selection. Evolution 50:437–442.
Packard, G. C., and F. J. Janzen. 1996. Interpopulational variation in the cold-tolerance of hatchling painted turtles. Journal of Thermal Biology 21:183–190.
Janzen, F. J. 1994a. Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91:7487–7490.
Janzen, F. J. 1994b. Vegetational cover predicts the sex ratio of hatchling turtles in natural nests. Ecology 75:1593–1599.
H. History of data set usage
Data request history: N/A
Data set update history: N/A
Review history: N/A
Questions and comments from secondary users: N/A
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for access to the Thomson Causeway and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources for collecting permits. Research was supported by National Science Foundation grants (DDIG BSR-8914686, DEB-9629529, UMEB IBN-0080194, LTREB DEB-0089680, IBN-0212935), as well as the ASIH Gaige Fund, Sigma Xi, and the Department of Zoology and Genetics at Iowa State University. While preparing the database, LES was supported by an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biological Informatics.
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Rhodin, A. G. J., and G. R. Ultsch. 2003. Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of Pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) complex. Evolution 57:119–128.
Schwanz, L. E., and F. J. Janzen. 2008. Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination: can individual plasticity in nesting phenology prevent extreme sex ratios? Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 81:826–834.
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Starkey, D. E., H. B. Shaffer, R. L. Burke, M. R. J. Forstner, J. B. Iverson, F. J. Janzen, A. G. J. Rhodin, and G. R. Ultsch. 2003. Molecular systematics, phylogeography, and the effects of Pleistocene glaciation in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) complex. Evolution 57:119–128.
Valenzuela, N., and F. J. Janzen. 2001. Nest-site philopatry and the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3:779–794.
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