Appendix B. Description of the criteria for the selection of pests, including names and information sources.
We selected invasive plant pests of economic importance for the contiguous United States that were either reported by the North America Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) (online reports date back to 2001) or were listed in the Cooperative Agriculture Plant Survey (CAPS) national survey targets (online lists are available from 2004 to 2008). The NAPPO reports include newly introduced pests that may be of immediate or potential danger to the United States or its trading partners Food and Agriculture Organization 2002). Because of their importance, most of these exotic pests have become the subject of surveys by government agencies to document the extent of their presence in the United States. CAPS is a joint Federal and State pest detection program for exotic plant pests in the United States (Magarey et al. In Press). The CAPS program targets high priority pests that have been newly introduced or are not currently known to be present in the United States. At times, some of the target species could have been introduced into the United States in the past but were successfully eradicated. Results of CAPS surveys are recorded in the National Agricultural Pest Information System. We selected species based on three criteria: (a) reports of their presence in the U.S. were made between 2001 and July of 2009; (b) surveys were conducted after the initial reports revealed that the exotic species was not actually established in the contiguous United States (a species may have been introduced in the past, but we selected it even if it was successfully eradicated. The only exception to this criteria was when a species was already established but only in few selected counties (e.g., the pink hibiscus mealybug in Imperial Valley Co., California), and (c) surveys were or are still being conducted to determine their presence of a pest in the United States.
County-level reports of pest detections (see lists below) were obtained from (a) online documentation provided by USDA-APHIS (including associated links), (b) current pest distribution maps provided by the National Agriculture Pest Information System, (c) pest distribution maps in the Alien Forest Pest Explorer, and (d) pest alerts and official pest reports by the North America Plant Protection Organization, and other publicly available information (i.e., extension services pest alerts, etc.). Using these data sources we compiled to the best of our knowledge a list of all country occurrences for the selected pests. For a few of the selected exotic pests, eradication efforts have been successful. Nevertheless, those originally infested counties were included in the analyses. A total of 39 exotic pest species met the aforementioned criteria. They included 28 arthropods (26 insects and two mites), 2 nematodes, 8 pathogens (4 fungi, 2 bacteria, and 2 viruses), and 1 snail. Nineteen species were agricultural pests, 13 were pests of forest or ornamental trees, and 7 species were pests of importance for both ecosystems. We split the pest species into two groups: agricultural and forest species. The seven species that were important to both ecosystems were included in both groups (the values of their UG, however, differed depending on the ecosystem considered).
Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L.
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Los Angeles, Orange |
Idaho |
Kootenai |
Oregon |
Columbia |
Texas |
Travis |
Washington |
King, Mason |
Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Sacramento |
Illinois |
Cook, DuPage |
Massachusetts |
Worcester |
New Jersey |
Hudson, Middlesex, Union |
New York |
Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk |
Asiatic citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama
STATE |
COUNTY |
Alabama |
Baldwin |
California |
Imperial, San Diego |
Florida |
Miami-Dade |
Georgia |
Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, McIntosh |
Louisiana |
Jefferson Parish, Lafourche Parish, Plaquemines Parish, Saint Charles Parish, Saint James Parish, Saint Tammany Parish, Terrebonne Parish |
Mississippi |
Hancock |
South Carolina |
Beaufort, Charleston, Colleton |
Texas |
Austin, Bexar, Blanco, Brazoria, Brazos, Brooks, Cameron, Colorado, DeWitt, Duval, Fort Bend, Frio, Galveston, Goliad, Gonzales, Grimes, Harris, Hays, Hidalgo, Jackson, Jefferson, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kendall, Kenedy, Kinney, Kleberg, La Salle, Medina, Montgomery, Nueces, Presidio, Refugio, Val Verde, Webb, Wharton, Wilson, Zavala |
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Maine |
Kennebec, Penobscot |
Maryland |
Anne Arundel, Baltimore City, Frederick, Howard, Montgomery |
Massachusetts |
Plymouth |
Ohio |
Columbiana, Franklin |
Oregon |
Multnomah |
Pennsylvania |
Adams, Allegheny, Beaver, Berks, Blair, Bucks, Butler, Centre, Chester, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Franklin, Indiana, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Montgomery, Northampton, Northumberland, Pike, Snyder, Westmoreland |
Rhode Island |
Washington |
Tennessee |
Knox |
Virginia |
Albemarle, Amherst, Arlington, Bedford, Bedford City, Charlottesville City, Craig, Fairfax, Falls Church City |
Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
STATE |
COUNTY |
Florida |
Alachua, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Collier, DeSoto, Duval, Hardee, Hendry, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Lake, Lee, Levy, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Seminole, Sumter, Volusia |
Texas |
Harris |
Chinese longhorned beetle, Hesperophanes(= Trichoferus) campestris Faldermann
STATE |
COUNTY |
Rhode Island |
Washington |
Chrysanthemum white rust, Puccinia horiana P. Henn
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Contra Costa, Marin, Monterey, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Sonoma |
Connecticut |
Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven |
Delaware |
Kent, New Castle |
Massachusetts |
Essex, Middlesex |
Maryland |
Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Charles, Harford, Howard, Montgomery, Prince George's, Saint Mary's |
Maine |
Androscoggin, Cumberland, Hancock, Piscataquis, Somerset |
Michigan |
Genesee |
New Jersey |
Morris |
New York |
Albany, Cayuga, Cortland, Herkimer, Monroe, Montgomery, Otsego, Putnam, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, Westchester |
Pennsylvania |
Allegheny, Carbon, Chester, Lehigh, Luzerne, Monroe, Pike |
Citrus greening, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'
STATE |
COUNTY |
Florida |
Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lake, Lee, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole, Sumter, Volusia |
Georgia |
Chatham |
Louisiana |
Jefferson, Orleans, Washington |
South Carolina |
Charleston |
Citrus longhorned beetle, Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Washington |
King, Thurston |
Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire
STATE |
COUNTY |
Illinois |
Boone, Bureau, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, La Salle, Lake, Livingston, McHenry, McLean, Putnam, Will, Winnebago, Woodford |
Indiana |
Adams, Allen, Brown, DeKalb, Elkhart, Floyd, Hamilton, Huntington, Kosciusko, LaGrange, Marion, Monroe, Noble, Porter, Randolph, Saint Joseph, Steuben, Wabash, Wells, White, Whitley |
Kentucky |
Fayette, Franklin, Jefferson, Jessamine, Shelby |
Maryland |
Charles, Prince George's |
Michigan |
Alcona, Allegan, Alpena, Antrim, Arenac, Barry, Bay, Benzie, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Crawford, Delta, Eaton, Emmet, Genesee, Gladwin, Grand Traverse, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Houghton, Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Iosco, Isabella, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kalkaska, Kent, Lake, Lapeer, Leelanau, Lenawee, Livingston, Mackinac, Macomb, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Midland, Missaukee, Monroe, Montcalm, Montmorency, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana, Ogemaw, Osceola, Oscoda, Otsego, Ottawa, Presque Isle, Roscommon, Saginaw, Saint Clair, Saint Joseph, Sanilac, Schoolcraft, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Van Buren, Washtenaw, Wayne, Wexford |
Minnesota |
Hennepin, Houston, Ramsey |
Missouri |
Wayne |
New York |
Cattaraugus |
Ohio |
Allen, Auglaize, Butler, Champaign, Clermont, Cuyahoga, Darke, Defiance, Delaware, Erie, Fairfield, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Licking, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Mercer, Miami, Montgomery, Ottawa, Paulding, Portage, Preble, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Shelby, Union, Van Wert, Warren, Wayne, Williams, Wood, Wyandot |
Pennsylvania |
Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Lawrence, Mercer, Mifflin, Westmoreland |
Virginia |
Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Prince William |
Wisconsin |
Crawford, Fond du Lac, Ozaukee, Sheboygan, Vernon, Washington |
West Virginia |
Fayette |
European hardwood ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron domesticum (L.)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Washington |
Whatcom |
European shot-hole borer, Xyleborus similis Ferrari
STATE |
COUNTY |
Texas |
Harris |
False codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Ventura |
Fruit tree tortrix, Archips podana (Scopoli)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Washington |
Whatcom |
Geranium southern bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum R3 B2
STATE |
COUNTY |
Maryland |
Anne Arundel, Prince George's, Saint Mary's |
New York |
Chautauqua, Erie, Madison, Onondaga, Orleans, Rensselaer, Wyoming, Yates |
Gladiolus rust, Uromyces transversalis (Thum.)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Alameda, San Diego, San Mateo |
Florida |
Hendry, Manatee |
Minnesota |
Marshall |
Golden nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens
STATE |
COUNTY |
New York |
Cayuga, Genesee, Livingston, Nassau, Orleans, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Wayne |
Guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Los Angeles, Orange |
Florida |
Brevard, Miami-Dade, Orange, Pinellas, Seminole |
Japanese cedar longhorned beetle, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Connecticut |
Fairfield, Hartford, Middlesex, New Haven, New London |
North Carolina |
Dare |
New Jersey |
Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Monmouth, Salem |
New York |
Kings, Nassau, Queens, Suffolk, Westchester |
Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma |
Lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan
STATE |
COUNTY |
Florida |
Broward, Collier, Hendry, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, Saint Lucie |
Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Clara , Solano, Tulare |
Mediterranean pine engraver, Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Fresno, Kern, Kings, Los Angeles, Madera, Merced, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, Yolo |
Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego |
Texas |
Brooks, Cameron, Hidalgo, Webb, Willacy, Zapata |
Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Alameda, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara |
Florida |
Hillsborough, Orange, Osceola |
Pale potato-cyst nematode, Globodera pallida (Stone)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Idaho |
Bingham, Bonneville |
Panicle rice mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley
STATE |
COUNTY |
Arkansas |
Arkansas |
Louisiana |
Acadia Parish |
New York |
Tompkins |
Texas |
Brazoria, Jefferson |
Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Fresno, Sacramento |
Pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Alabama |
Mobile |
California |
Imperial |
Florida |
Alachua, Broward, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Duval, Flagler, Franklin, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Lake, Lee, Manatee, Marion, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Polk, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole, Sumter, Volusia |
Georgia |
Forsyth |
Louisiana |
Jefferson |
New York |
Albany, Rensselaer |
Oklahoma |
Carter |
Texas |
Brazoria, Galveston, Harris, Nueces |
Plum pox virus, PPV
STATE |
COUNTY |
Michigan |
Berrien |
New York |
Niagara, Wayne |
Pennsylvania |
Adams, Cumberland |
Red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst
STATE |
COUNTY |
Florida |
Broward, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach |
Redhaired pine bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius)
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura |
New York |
Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Wayne |
Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius
STATE |
COUNTY |
Michigan |
Huron, Macomb, Saint Clair, Sanilac |
New York |
Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Cortland, Erie, Genesee, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Saint Lawrence, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, Yates |
Pennsylvania |
Bradford, Elk, Erie, McKean, Monroe, Potter, Tioga |
Vermont |
Lamoille |
Soybean rust, Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.
STATE |
COUNTY |
Alabama |
Baldwin, Conecuh, Covington, Geneva, Mobile, Washington |
Florida |
Columbia, Gadsden, Hamilton, Jefferson, Leon, Taylor |
Georgia |
Decatur, Grady |
Louisiana |
Acadia, East Baton Rouge, Iberia, Saint Martin, Saint Mary, Tangipahoa, Washington |
Texas |
Polk |
Striped snail, Cernuella virgata (Da Costa)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Washington |
Pierce |
Sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum S. Werresá A.W.A.M. de Cock
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Alameda, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Lake, Los Angeles, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Orange, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma |
Connecticut |
Fairfield |
Georgia |
Clayton, Fayette, Fulton, Gwinnett |
Indiana |
Porter |
Maine |
Kennebec |
Mississippi |
Hinds |
New Jersey |
Morris |
North Carolina |
Mecklenburg |
Oregon |
Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Deschutes, Lane, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, Yamhill |
Pennslyvania |
Philadelphia |
South Carolina |
Greenville |
Washington |
Clark, Cowlitz, King, Kitsap, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce, Skagit, Snohomish, Thurston, Whatcom |
Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Connecticut |
New Haven |
Massachusetts |
Hampshire |
New York |
Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chenango, Erie, Franklin, Genesee, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saint Lawrence, Steuben, Suffolk, Wayne, Wyoming, Yates |
Vermont |
Chittenden |
Tomato yellow leaf curl, TYLCV
STATE |
COUNTY |
California |
Imperial |
Yellow-horned horntail, Urocerus gigas flavicornis (Fabricius)
STATE |
COUNTY |
Nevada |
Elko |
LITERATURE CITED
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2002. International standards for phytosanitary measures. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Publication No. 17, March 2002.
Magarey, R. D., M. Colunga-Garcia, and D. A. Fieselmann. In Press. Plant biosecurity in the United States: roles, responsibilities and information needs. BioScience.