Ecological Archives A020-007-A2

Manuel Colunga-Garcia, Roger A. Magarey, Robert A. Haack, Stuart H. Gage, and Jiaquo Qi. 2010. Enhancing early detection of exotic pests in agricultural and forest ecosystems using an urban-gradient framework. Ecological Applications 20:303–310.

Appendix B. Description of the criteria for the selection of pests, including names and information sources.

We selected invasive plant pests of economic importance for the contiguous United States that were either reported by the North America Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) (online reports date back to 2001) or were listed in the Cooperative Agriculture Plant Survey (CAPS) national survey targets (online lists are available from 2004 to 2008). The NAPPO reports include newly introduced pests that may be of immediate or potential danger to the United States or its trading partners Food and Agriculture Organization 2002). Because of their importance, most of these exotic pests have become the subject of surveys by government agencies to document the extent of their presence in the United States. CAPS is a joint Federal and State pest detection program for exotic plant pests in the United States (Magarey et al. In Press). The CAPS program targets high priority pests that have been newly introduced or are not currently known to be present in the United States. At times, some of the target species could have been introduced into the United States in the past but were successfully eradicated. Results of CAPS surveys are recorded in the National Agricultural Pest Information System. We selected species based on three criteria: (a) reports of their presence in the U.S. were made between 2001 and July of 2009; (b) surveys were conducted after the initial reports revealed that the exotic species was not actually established in the contiguous United States (a species may have been introduced in the past, but we selected it even if it was successfully eradicated. The only exception to this criteria was when a species was already established but only in few selected counties (e.g., the pink hibiscus mealybug in Imperial Valley Co., California), and (c) surveys were or are still being conducted to determine their presence of a pest in the United States.

County-level reports of pest detections (see lists below) were obtained from (a) online documentation provided by USDA-APHIS (including associated links), (b) current pest distribution maps provided by the National Agriculture Pest Information System, (c) pest distribution maps in the Alien Forest Pest Explorer, and (d) pest alerts and official pest reports by the North America Plant Protection Organization, and other publicly available information (i.e., extension services pest alerts, etc.). Using these data sources we compiled to the best of our knowledge a list of all country occurrences for the selected pests. For a few of the selected exotic pests, eradication efforts have been successful. Nevertheless, those originally infested counties were included in the analyses. A total of 39 exotic pest species met the aforementioned criteria. They included 28 arthropods (26 insects and two mites), 2 nematodes, 8 pathogens (4 fungi, 2 bacteria, and 2 viruses), and 1 snail. Nineteen species were agricultural pests, 13 were pests of forest or ornamental trees, and 7 species were pests of importance for both ecosystems. We split the pest species into two groups: agricultural and forest species. The seven species that were important to both ecosystems were included in both groups (the values of their UG, however, differed depending on the ecosystem considered).

Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L.

STATE

COUNTY

California

Los Angeles, Orange

Idaho

Kootenai

Oregon

Columbia

Texas

Travis

Washington

King, Mason

 

Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Sacramento

Illinois

Cook, DuPage

Massachusetts

Worcester

New Jersey

Hudson, Middlesex, Union

New York

Kings, Nassau, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk

 

Asiatic citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama

STATE

COUNTY

Alabama

Baldwin

California

Imperial, San Diego

Florida

Miami-Dade

Georgia

Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, McIntosh

Louisiana

Jefferson Parish, Lafourche Parish, Plaquemines Parish, Saint Charles Parish, Saint James Parish, Saint Tammany Parish, Terrebonne Parish

Mississippi

Hancock

South Carolina

Beaufort, Charleston, Colleton

Texas

Austin, Bexar, Blanco, Brazoria, Brazos, Brooks, Cameron, Colorado, DeWitt, Duval, Fort Bend, Frio, Galveston, Goliad, Gonzales, Grimes, Harris, Hays, Hidalgo, Jackson, Jefferson, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kendall, Kenedy, Kinney, Kleberg, La Salle, Medina, Montgomery, Nueces, Presidio, Refugio, Val Verde, Webb, Wharton, Wilson, Zavala

 

Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal)

STATE

COUNTY

Maine

Kennebec, Penobscot

Maryland

Anne Arundel, Baltimore City, Frederick, Howard, Montgomery

Massachusetts

Plymouth

Ohio

Columbiana, Franklin

Oregon

Multnomah

Pennsylvania

Adams, Allegheny, Beaver, Berks, Blair, Bucks, Butler, Centre, Chester, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Franklin, Indiana, Lackawanna, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Montgomery, Northampton, Northumberland, Pike, Snyder, Westmoreland

Rhode Island

Washington

Tennessee

Knox

Virginia

Albemarle, Amherst, Arlington, Bedford, Bedford City, Charlottesville City, Craig, Fairfax, Falls Church City

 

Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood

STATE

COUNTY

Florida

Alachua, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Collier, DeSoto, Duval, Hardee, Hendry, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Lake, Lee, Levy, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Seminole, Sumter, Volusia

Texas

Harris

 

Chinese longhorned beetle, Hesperophanes(= Trichoferus) campestris Faldermann

STATE

COUNTY

Rhode Island

Washington

 

Chrysanthemum white rust, Puccinia horiana P. Henn

STATE

COUNTY

California

Contra Costa, Marin, Monterey, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Sonoma

Connecticut

Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven

Delaware

Kent, New Castle

Massachusetts

Essex, Middlesex

Maryland

Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Charles, Harford, Howard, Montgomery, Prince George's, Saint Mary's

Maine

Androscoggin, Cumberland, Hancock, Piscataquis, Somerset

Michigan

Genesee

New Jersey

Morris

New York

Albany, Cayuga, Cortland, Herkimer, Monroe, Montgomery, Otsego, Putnam, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, Westchester

Pennsylvania

Allegheny, Carbon, Chester, Lehigh, Luzerne, Monroe, Pike

 

Citrus greening, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'

STATE

COUNTY

Florida

Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lake, Lee, Manatee, Marion, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Okeechobee, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole, Sumter, Volusia

Georgia

Chatham

Louisiana

Jefferson, Orleans, Washington

South Carolina

Charleston

 

Citrus longhorned beetle, Anoplophora chinensis (Forster)

STATE

COUNTY

Washington

King, Thurston

 

Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

STATE

COUNTY

Illinois

Boone, Bureau, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kankakee, Kendall, La Salle, Lake, Livingston, McHenry, McLean, Putnam, Will, Winnebago, Woodford

Indiana

Adams, Allen, Brown, DeKalb, Elkhart, Floyd, Hamilton, Huntington, Kosciusko, LaGrange, Marion, Monroe, Noble, Porter, Randolph, Saint Joseph, Steuben, Wabash, Wells, White, Whitley

Kentucky

Fayette, Franklin, Jefferson, Jessamine, Shelby

Maryland

Charles, Prince George's

Michigan

Alcona, Allegan, Alpena, Antrim, Arenac, Barry, Bay, Benzie, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Crawford, Delta, Eaton, Emmet, Genesee, Gladwin, Grand Traverse, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Houghton, Huron, Ingham, Ionia, Iosco, Isabella, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kalkaska, Kent, Lake, Lapeer, Leelanau, Lenawee, Livingston, Mackinac, Macomb, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Midland, Missaukee, Monroe, Montcalm, Montmorency, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oakland, Oceana, Ogemaw, Osceola, Oscoda, Otsego, Ottawa, Presque Isle, Roscommon, Saginaw, Saint Clair, Saint Joseph, Sanilac, Schoolcraft, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Van Buren, Washtenaw, Wayne, Wexford

Minnesota

Hennepin, Houston, Ramsey

Missouri

Wayne

New York

Cattaraugus

Ohio

Allen, Auglaize, Butler, Champaign, Clermont, Cuyahoga, Darke, Defiance, Delaware, Erie, Fairfield, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Henry, Huron, Licking, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Mahoning, Marion, Medina, Mercer, Miami, Montgomery, Ottawa, Paulding, Portage, Preble, Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Shelby, Union, Van Wert, Warren, Wayne, Williams, Wood, Wyandot

Pennsylvania

Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Lawrence, Mercer, Mifflin, Westmoreland

Virginia

Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, Prince William

Wisconsin

Crawford, Fond du Lac, Ozaukee, Sheboygan, Vernon, Washington

West Virginia

Fayette

 

European hardwood ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron domesticum (L.)

STATE

COUNTY

Washington

Whatcom

 

European shot-hole borer, Xyleborus similis Ferrari

STATE

COUNTY

Texas

Harris

 

False codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Ventura

 

Fruit tree tortrix, Archips podana (Scopoli)

STATE

COUNTY

Washington

Whatcom

 

Geranium southern bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum R3 B2

STATE

COUNTY

Maryland

Anne Arundel, Prince George's, Saint Mary's

New York

Chautauqua, Erie, Madison, Onondaga, Orleans, Rensselaer, Wyoming, Yates

 

Gladiolus rust, Uromyces transversalis (Thum.)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Alameda, San Diego, San Mateo

Florida

Hendry, Manatee

Minnesota

Marshall

 

Golden nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens

STATE

COUNTY

New York

Cayuga, Genesee, Livingston, Nassau, Orleans, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Wayne

 

Guava fruit fly, Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Los Angeles, Orange

Florida

Brevard, Miami-Dade, Orange, Pinellas, Seminole

 

Japanese cedar longhorned beetle, Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky)

STATE

COUNTY

Connecticut

Fairfield, Hartford, Middlesex, New Haven, New London

North Carolina

Dare

New Jersey

Atlantic, Bergen, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, Monmouth, Salem

New York

Kings, Nassau, Queens, Suffolk, Westchester

 

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Alameda, Contra Costa, Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma

 

Lobate lac scale, Paratachardina pseudolobata Kondo & Gullan

STATE

COUNTY

Florida

Broward, Collier, Hendry, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, Saint Lucie

 

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Clara , Solano, Tulare

 

Mediterranean pine engraver, Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Fresno, Kern, Kings, Los Angeles, Madera, Merced, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Tulare, Yolo

 

Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego

Texas

Brooks, Cameron, Hidalgo, Webb, Willacy, Zapata

 

Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Alameda, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara

Florida

Hillsborough, Orange, Osceola

 

Pale potato-cyst nematode, Globodera pallida (Stone)

STATE

COUNTY

Idaho

Bingham, Bonneville

 

Panicle rice mite, Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley

STATE

COUNTY

Arkansas

Arkansas

Louisiana

Acadia Parish

New York

Tompkins

Texas

Brazoria, Jefferson

 

Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Fresno, Sacramento

 

Pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)

STATE

COUNTY

Alabama

Mobile

California

Imperial

Florida

Alachua, Broward, Charlotte, Citrus, Clay, Duval, Flagler, Franklin, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Lake, Lee, Manatee, Marion, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Polk, Saint Johns, Saint Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole, Sumter, Volusia

Georgia

Forsyth

Louisiana

Jefferson

New York

Albany, Rensselaer

Oklahoma

Carter

Texas

Brazoria, Galveston, Harris, Nueces

 

Plum pox virus, PPV

STATE

COUNTY

Michigan

Berrien

New York

Niagara, Wayne

Pennsylvania

Adams, Cumberland

 

Red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst

STATE

COUNTY

Florida

Broward, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach

 

Redhaired pine bark beetle, Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius)

STATE

COUNTY

California

Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura

New York

Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Wayne

 

Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius

STATE

COUNTY

Michigan

Huron, Macomb, Saint Clair, Sanilac

New York

Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Cortland, Erie, Genesee, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Oneida, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Oswego, Saint Lawrence, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, Yates

Pennsylvania

Bradford, Elk, Erie, McKean, Monroe, Potter, Tioga

Vermont

Lamoille

 

Soybean rust, Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.

STATE

COUNTY

Alabama

Baldwin, Conecuh, Covington, Geneva, Mobile, Washington

Florida

Columbia, Gadsden, Hamilton, Jefferson, Leon, Taylor

Georgia

Decatur, Grady

Louisiana

Acadia, East Baton Rouge, Iberia, Saint Martin, Saint Mary, Tangipahoa, Washington

Texas

Polk

 

Striped snail, Cernuella virgata (Da Costa)

STATE

COUNTY

Washington

Pierce

 

Sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum S. Werresá A.W.A.M. de Cock

STATE

COUNTY

California

Alameda, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Lake, Los Angeles, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Orange, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma

Connecticut

Fairfield

Georgia

Clayton, Fayette, Fulton, Gwinnett

Indiana

Porter

Maine

Kennebec

Mississippi

Hinds

New Jersey

Morris

North Carolina

Mecklenburg

Oregon

Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Deschutes, Lane, Marion, Multnomah, Polk, Tillamook, Washington, Yamhill

Pennslyvania

Philadelphia

South Carolina

Greenville

Washington

Clark, Cowlitz, King, Kitsap, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce, Skagit, Snohomish, Thurston, Whatcom

 

Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer)

STATE

COUNTY

Connecticut

New Haven

Massachusetts

Hampshire

New York

Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chenango, Erie, Franklin, Genesee, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Livingston, Madison, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Orleans, Oswego, Otsego, Rensselaer, Saint Lawrence, Steuben, Suffolk, Wayne, Wyoming, Yates

Vermont

Chittenden

 

Tomato yellow leaf curl, TYLCV

STATE

COUNTY

California

Imperial

 

Yellow-horned horntail, Urocerus gigas flavicornis (Fabricius)

STATE

COUNTY

Nevada

Elko

 

LITERATURE CITED

Food and Agriculture Organization. 2002. International standards for phytosanitary measures. Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Publication No. 17, March 2002.

Magarey, R. D., M. Colunga-Garcia, and D. A. Fieselmann. In Press. Plant biosecurity in the United States: roles, responsibilities and information needs. BioScience.


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