Appendix B. A table showing observed mean cover, constancy, and required sample size for each sampling design, and time-to-sample estimates for grouped vegetation variables and for individual species.
TABLE B1. For each sampling design (Daubenmire transect [DT], modified Whittaker plot [MWP], point–line intercept transect [PLIT], and strip adaptive cluster sampling [SACS]), observed mean cover and constancy (number of stands, range of 1–6) for grouped vegetation variables and individual species, and sample size (number of plots or transects) and time-to-sample (h) required for estimation of mean cover within 50% and 25% of the observed mean. For cover < 0.005%, "t" indicates trace.
Species | Design | Cover | Constancy | Sample size (#) | Time (h) | |||
(%) | (no. of stands) | 50% | 25% | 50% | 25% | |||
Grouped vegetation variables | ||||||||
Total vegetation | DT | 35.60 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
MWP | 36.02 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 17 | ||
PLIT | 57.61 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | ||
Forbs | DT | 6.52 | 6 | 10 | 38 | 22 | 85 | |
MWP | 5.94 | 6 | 10 | 38 | 43 | 162 | ||
PLIT | 8.81 | 6 | 36 | 143 | 31 | 124 | ||
Graminoids | DT | 4.62 | 6 | 4 | 16 | 9 | 36 | |
MWP | 4.10 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 13 | 47 | ||
PLIT | 22.63 | 6 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 14 | ||
Shrubs | DT | 10.17 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 7 | 27 | |
MWP | 8.22 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 13 | 47 | ||
PLIT | 13.28 | 6 | 4 | 15 | 3 | 13 | ||
Natives | DT | 20.80 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 16 | |
MWP | 17.81 | 6 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 30 | ||
PLIT | 43.93 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 8 | ||
Nonnatives | DT | 0.61 | 5 | 60 | 240 | 135 | 539 | |
MWP | 0.44 | 5 | 43 | 171 | 183 | 729 | ||
PLIT | 1.58 | 3 | 29 | 113 | 25 | 98 | ||
Common Species | ||||||||
Arnica cordifolia1 | DT | 4.58 | 6 | 11 | 41 | 25 | 92 | |
MWP | 4.34 | 6 | 10 | 39 | 43 | 166 | ||
PLIT | 5.62 | 6 | 12 | 48 | 10 | 42 | ||
Calamagrostis rubescens2 | DT | 3.30 | 6 | 7 | 28 | 16 | 63 | |
MWP | 2.92 | 6 | 5 | 17 | 21 | 72 | ||
PLIT | 16.97 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 5 | 21 | ||
Carex geyeri2 | DT | 1.30 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 13 | 54 | |
MWP | 1.18 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 26 | 102 | ||
PLIT | 5.62 | 6 | 7 | 25 | 6 | 22 | ||
Fragaria virginiana1 | DT | 0.56 | 6 | 10 | 37 | 22 | 83 | |
MWP | 0.42 | 6 | 11 | 41 | 47 | 175 | ||
PLIT | 1.07 | 6 | 27 | 105 | 23 | 91 | ||
Mahonia repens3 | DT | 3.68 | 6 | 6 | 23 | 13 | 52 | |
MWP | 3.03 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 13 | 51 | ||
PLIT | 4.03 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 5 | 21 | ||
Penstemon albertinus1 | DT | 0.50 | 6 | 12 | 46 | 27 | 103 | |
MWP | 0.48 | 6 | 11 | 43 | 47 | 183 | ||
PLIT | 0.77 | 6 | 30 | 120 | 26 | 104 | ||
Symphoricarpos albus3 | DT | 6.49 | 6 | 6 | 23 | 13 | 52 | |
MWP | 5.19 | 6 | 5 | 20 | 21 | 85 | ||
PLIT | 9.24 | 6 | 7 | 27 | 6 | 23 | ||
Less-common species | ||||||||
Bromus tectorum* | DT | t | 4 | 249 | 993 | 560 | 2232 | |
MWP | 0 | |||||||
PLIT | 0 | |||||||
SACS | 0.01 | 1 | 11 | 43 | 8 | 31 | ||
Campanula rotundifolia1 | DT | 0.02 | 5 | 146 | 583 | 328 | 1310 | |
MWP | 0.06 | 1 | 59 | 234 | 252 | 998 | ||
PLIT | 0.09 | 2 | 88 | 351 | 76 | 304 | ||
Carduus nutans2* | DT | 0.01 | 2 | 133 | 531 | 299 | 1193 | |
MWP | 0.03 | 3 | 86 | 344 | 367 | 1467 | ||
PLIT | 0.04 | 1 | 174 | 693 | 151 | 601 | ||
Centaurea maculosa1* | DT | 0.12 | 4 | 101 | 404 | 227 | 908 | |
MWP | 0.04 | 4 | 79 | 313 | 337 | 1335 | ||
PLIT | 0.40 | 3 | 67 | 267 | 58 | 231 | ||
Cirsium arvense1* | DT | 0.06 | 2 | 173 | 691 | 389 | 1553 | |
MWP | 0.36 | 1 | 43 | 170 | 183 | 725 | ||
PLIT | 0.04 | 1 | 174 | 693 | 151 | 601 | ||
SACS | 0.05 | 2 | 8 | 29 | 6 | 21 | ||
Cirsium vulgare1* | DT | 0.49 | 2 | 98 | 391 | 220 | 879 | |
MWP | 0.30 | 2 | 2 | 109 | 9 | 465 | ||
PLIT | 0.58 | 2 | 57 | 225 | 49 | 195 | ||
Cynoglossum officinale*1 | DT | t | 2 | 261 | 1042 | 587 | 2342 | |
MWP | 0.01 | 1 | 79 | 316 | 337 | 1347 | ||
PLIT | 0 | |||||||
Heuchera cylindrica1 | DT | 0.05 | 6 | 131 | 523 | 294 | 1175 | |
MWP | 0.03 | 5 | 68 | 271 | 290 | 1156 | ||
PLIT | 0.14 | 5 | 115 | 459 | 100 | 398 | ||
SACS | 0.05 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | ||
Lithospermum ruderale1 | DT | 0.06 | 2 | 63 | 249 | 142 | 560 | |
MWP | 0.10 | 2 | 70 | 279 | 298 | 1190 | ||
PLIT | 0.13 | 2 | 102 | 406 | 88 | 352 | ||
Luzula campestris2 | DT | 0.02 | 4 | 69 | 276 | 155 | 620 | |
MWP | 0.01 | 3 | 25 | 98 | 107 | 418 | ||
PLIT | 0.15 | 2 | 58 | 231 | 50 | 200 | ||
Osmorhiza berteroi1 | DT | 0.07 | 1 | 54 | 215 | 121 | 483 | |
MWP | 0.06 | 1 | 32 | 128 | 136 | 546 | ||
PLIT | 0.23 | 1 | 51 | 201 | 44 | 174 | ||
Potentilla glandulosa1 | DT | 0.02 | 3 | 96 | 381 | 216 | 856 | |
MWP | t | 1 | 79 | 316 | 337 | 1347 | ||
PLIT | 0 | |||||||
Potentilla gracilis1 | DT | 0.37 | 3 | 48 | 191 | 108 | 429 | |
MWP | 0.26 | 3 | 106 | 423 | 452 | 1804 | ||
PLIT | 0.54 | 3 | 38 | 150 | 33 | 130 | ||
Potentilla recta1* | DT | 0.36 | 3 | 38 | 151 | 85 | 339 | |
MWP | 0.13 | 4 | 35 | 140 | 149 | 597 | ||
PLIT | 0.63 | 3 | 220 | 55 | 191 | 48 | ||
Smilacina racemosa1 | DT | 0.02 | 3 | 161 | 642 | 362 | 1443 | |
MWP | 0.50 | 1 | 87 | 347 | 371 | 1480 | ||
PLIT | 0.04 | 1 | 174 | 693 | 151 | 601 | ||
SACS | 0.01 | 3 | 8 | 30 | 6 | 22 | ||
Valeriana dioica1 | DT | 0.03 | 5 | 71 | 283 | 160 | 636 | |
MWP | 0.04 | 4 | 42 | 168 | 179 | 716 | ||
PLIT | 0.08 | 3 | 81 | 324 | 70 | 281 | ||
Verbascum thapsus1* | DT | 0.11 | 3 | 102 | 407 | 229 | 915 | |
MWP | 0.11 | 4 | 89 | 356 | 379 | 1518 | ||
PLIT | 0.41 | 1 | 58 | 229 | 50 | 198 |
1Forb
2Graminoid
3Shrub
*Nonnative