Ecological Archives A022-060-A3
Nicholas J. DeCesare, Mark Hebblewhite, Fiona Schmiegelow, David Hervieux, Gregory J. McDermid, Lalenia Neufeld, Mark Bradley, Jesse Whittington, Kirby G. Smith, Luigi E. Morgantini, Matthew Wheatley, and Marco Musiani. 2012. Transcending scale dependence in identifying habitat with resource selection functions. Ecological Applications 22:1068–1083.
Appendix C. Resource selection functions for three orders of selection, nine populations, and two seasons.
Table C1. Logistic regression coefficients (β) and standard errors (SE) of first-order, winter resource selection functions for nine woodland caribou populations in west-central Alberta and eastern British Columbia, 1998–2009.
Resource variable |
Population | |||||||||
A la Pêche | Banff | Brazeau | Little Smoky | Maligne | ||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
elevation | 19.04 | 0.871 | 27.53 | 5.00 | 21.89 | 2.32 | 378.26 | 17.28 | 26.24 | 2.30 |
elevation2 | -4.93 | 0.222 | -4.26 | 0.952 | -3.26 | 0.473 | -144.17 | 6.06 | -7.25 | 0.576 |
slope | -0.0825 | 0.005 | -0.0035 | 0.023 | 0.035 | 0.015 | -0.0079 | 0.020 | 0.0003 | 0.012 |
slope2 | 0.001 | 0.0001 | -0.0009 | 0.001 | -0.0010 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | 0.002 | -0.001 | 0.0003 |
snow | 60.69 | 4.89 | -24.34 | 11.50 | 187.51 | 25.87 | -81.44 | 8.02 | -33.42 | 4.69 |
snow2 | -32.59 | 2.80 | 16.46 | 6.75 | -102.07 | 14.09 | 65.33 | 4.89 | 24.63 | 2.81 |
ndvi | 8.02 | 0.585 | 8.14 | 1.78 | 8.56 | 1.06 | 77.06 | 7.25 | 1.99 | 0.896 |
ndvi2 | -8.74 | 0.576 | -2.47 | 1.85 | -7.28 | 1.15 | -68.48 | 5.51 | -3.22 | 0.958 |
distance to treeline | -3.10 | 0.264 | 10.79 | 1.85 | 9.56 | 1.13 | . | . | 3.82 | 0.829 |
distance to treeline2 | 0.658 | 0.246 | -16.89 | 3.98 | -12.17 | 2.00 | . | . | -5.17 | 1.70 |
cut-block density | 100.89 | 7.00 | . | . | . | . | -169.27 | 7.49 | . | . |
cut-block density2 | -143.13 | 14.36 | . | . | . | . | -1.19 | 3.76 | . | . |
linear feature density | 4.77 | 0.372 | 310.68 | 34.13 | 298.21 | 21.28 | 28.99 | 1.74 | 16.95 | 3.52 |
linear feature density2 | -0.8434 | 0.036 | -587.60 | 51.43 | -733.84 | 47.35 | -1.79 | 0.075 | -68.64 | 3.23 |
cut-block × elevation | -73.74 | 4.07 | . | . | . | . | 126.77 | 6.42 | . | . |
linear feature × elevation | -0.4128 | 0.184 | -14.11 | 8.91 | -48.39 | 5.95 | -13.50 | 1.07 | 12.67 | 1.69 |
intercept | -50.28 | 2.26 | -72.00 | 9.39 | -136.81 | 12.30 | -265.99 | 12.85 | -23.00 | 2.98 |
Resource variable |
Narraway | Redrock-Prairie Creek | Redwillow | Tonquin | ||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |||
elevation | 13.76 | 0.907 | 32.73 | 0.808 | 92.79 | 5.19 | 14.81 | 1.52 | ||
elevation2 | -6.54 | 0.294 | -10.15 | 0.223 | -37.63 | 1.91 | -4.30 | 0.402 | ||
slope | 0.032 | 0.006 | 0.085 | 0.005 | -0.1138 | 0.011 | 0.027 | 0.012 | ||
slope2 | -0.0005 | 0.0001 | -0.0025 | 0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.0004 | -0.0010 | 0.0003 | ||
snow | 41.50 | 4.62 | -33.32 | 1.55 | -14.66 | 3.50 | -4.82 | 5.01 | ||
snow2 | -18.39 | 2.68 | 27.09 | 0.959 | 12.80 | 2.34 | 4.37 | 2.98 | ||
ndvi | 1.19 | 0.824 | 5.02 | 0.499 | 84.50 | 10.85 | 2.06 | 0.915 | ||
ndvi2 | -0.9941 | 0.738 | -6.70 | 0.484 | -63.33 | 7.78 | -2.43 | 0.976 | ||
distance to treeline | -8.40 | 0.366 | -4.41 | 0.240 | -11.41 | 1.32 | 6.90 | 0.803 | ||
distance to treeline2 | 6.58 | 0.312 | 6.50 | 0.219 | 14.28 | 1.04 | -8.07 | 1.38 | ||
cut-block density | -124.80 | 6.10 | -96.40 | 3.45 | -123.94 | 12.97 | . | . | ||
cut-block density2 | 147.34 | 11.34 | 231.17 | 4.68 | -2042.65 | 86.39 | . | . | ||
linear feature density | 8.09 | 0.467 | 18.04 | 0.528 | 28.77 | 1.79 | -14.40 | 1.70 | ||
linear feature density2 | -3.19 | 0.142 | -8.50 | 0.145 | -3.27 | 0.265 | -16.87 | 1.19 | ||
cut-block × elevation | 54.11 | 4.02 | 34.35 | 2.00 | 243.68 | 12.07 | . | . | ||
linear feature × elevation | -2.89 | 0.263 | -5.18 | 0.272 | -23.10 | 1.26 | 13.82 | 0.894 | ||
intercept | -29.77 | 2.03 | -22.29 | 0.938 | -86.34 | 5.45 | -18.97 | 2.52 |
Table C2. Logistic regression coefficients (β) and standard errors (SE) of first-order, summer resource selection functions for nine woodland caribou populations in west-central Alberta and eastern British Columbia, 1998–2009.
Resource variable |
Population | |||||||||
A la Pêche | Banff | Brazeau | Little Smoky | Maligne | ||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |
elevation | 22.09 | 0.739 | 53.47 | 6.57 | 16.20 | 1.64 | 382.96 | 14.97 | 22.17 | 2.52 |
elevation2 | -5.33 | 0.181 | -10.07 | 1.24 | -3.98 | 0.369 | -141.60 | 5.35 | -4.41 | 0.544 |
slope | -0.0596 | 0.004 | -0.0327 | 0.020 | 0.002 | 0.012 | -0.1112 | 0.018 | -0.0232 | 0.013 |
slope2 | 0.001 | 0.0001 | -0.0001 | 0.0004 | -0.0004 | 0.0003 | 0.006 | 0.001 | -0.0003 | 0.0003 |
snow | 1.08 | 0.499 | 20.52 | 3.28 | 6.92 | 1.50 | 36.84 | 7.60 | 19.80 | 1.37 |
snow2 | -2.25 | 0.621 | -16.15 | 3.33 | -9.31 | 1.71 | -94.86 | 19.88 | -11.43 | 1.24 |
ndvi | 0.168 | 0.412 | 7.22 | 1.55 | 2.92 | 0.936 | 70.34 | 6.23 | 7.14 | 1.04 |
ndvi2 | -1.47 | 0.446 | -2.28 | 1.80 | -1.12 | 1.07 | -60.68 | 4.76 | -6.21 | 1.11 |
distance to treeline | -0.3876 | 0.236 | 7.21 | 1.71 | 2.57 | 0.861 | . | . | 1.63 | 0.964 |
distance to treeline2 | -0.2872 | 0.237 | -7.84 | 3.13 | 5.05 | 1.28 | . | . | -4.26 | 1.96 |
cut-block density | 122.14 | 8.38 | . | . | . | . | -201.58 | 7.12 | . | . |
cut-block density2 | -240.21 | 24.32 | . | . | . | . | -3.31 | 3.54 | . | . |
linear feature density | 5.14 | 0.344 | 259.15 | 33.54 | 245.18 | 18.83 | 33.68 | 1.49 | 92.90 | 7.43 |
linear feature density2 | -0.5715 | 0.031 | -540.13 | 45.85 | -1059.0 | 58.20 | -1.95 | 0.067 | -127.23 | 6.68 |
cut-block × elevation | -90.04 | 4.75 | . | . | . | . | 152.82 | 6.18 | . | . |
linear feature × elevation | -1.54 | 0.172 | -1.29 | 9.92 | 30.29 | 5.71 | -15.96 | 0.895 | -12.96 | 2.72 |
intercept | -24.79 | 0.761 | -110.60 | 9.80 | -44.46 | 2.39 | -303.69 | 11.12 | -45.13 | 3.17 |
Resource variable |
Narraway | Redrock-Prairie Creek | Redwillow | Tonquin | ||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | |||
elevation | 8.16 | 0.532 | 22.36 | 0.709 | 30.91 | 1.33 | 27.09 | 2.44 | ||
elevation2 | -3.97 | 0.161 | -7.03 | 0.199 | -11.45 | 0.425 | -6.32 | 0.574 | ||
slope | -0.0080 | 0.004 | -0.0334 | 0.004 | -0.0283 | 0.008 | -0.0930 | 0.009 | ||
slope2 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | -0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.002 | 0.0002 | ||
snow | 7.57 | 0.446 | 20.90 | 0.828 | 17.02 | 2.06 | 17.48 | 2.49 | ||
snow2 | -2.49 | 0.482 | -19.98 | 1.26 | -25.70 | 3.66 | -21.50 | 3.68 | ||
ndvi | -0.4615 | 0.421 | 5.06 | 0.439 | 1.23 | 1.10 | 0.160 | 0.909 | ||
ndvi2 | -0.7030 | 0.430 | -6.72 | 0.439 | -2.63 | 0.999 | -0.4747 | 0.994 | ||
distance to treeline | -7.86 | 0.315 | 0.722 | 0.263 | -14.90 | 0.501 | 9.07 | 1.14 | ||
distance to treeline2 | 8.44 | 0.330 | -0.5703 | 0.299 | 14.58 | 0.471 | -21.26 | 2.82 | ||
cut-block density | 0.660 | 4.49 | 64.18 | 5.79 | 316.91 | 15.21 | . | . | ||
cut-block density2 | -154.64 | 22.16 | -161.48 | 18.71 | -2931.35 | 108.63 | . | . | ||
linear feature density | -0.1567 | 0.393 | 6.41 | 0.585 | 10.42 | 1.07 | 25.28 | 3.41 | ||
linear feature density2 | 0.617 | 0.038 | -5.19 | 0.277 | -12.29 | 0.542 | -45.56 | 2.64 | ||
cut-block × elevation | -3.52 | 2.47 | -35.65 | 3.18 | -91.10 | 8.39 | . | . | ||
linear feature × elevation | -4.18 | 0.303 | -2.56 | 0.311 | -5.24 | 0.694 | 0.613 | 1.49 | ||
intercept | -4.70 | 0.446 | -24.16 | 0.640 | -23.68 | 1.09 | -38.69 | 2.67 |
Table C3. Logistic regression coefficients (β) and standard errors (SE) of second-order, winter resource selection functions for nine woodland caribou populations in west-central Alberta and eastern British Columbia, 1998–2009.
Resource variable |
Population | ||||||||||
A la Pêche | Banff | Brazeau | Little Smoky | Malgine | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
elevation | -2.62 | 1.28 | 1.33 | 0.542 | -1.17 | 1.28 | 5.12 | 1.68 | 0.650 | 1.54 | |
slope | -0.019 | 0.006 | -0.012 | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.011 | -0.009 | 0.014 | -0.006 | 0.009 | |
aspect (S-N) | -0.058 | 0.049 | -0.016 | 0.094 | -0.206 | 0.091 | -0.038 | 0.032 | -0.010 | 0.079 | |
aspect (E-W) | -0.103 | 0.053 | 0.170 | 0.358 | 0.027 | 0.155 | 0.040 | 0.026 | 0.082 | 0.093 | |
TPI | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.0001 | 0.001 | -0.0002 | 0.001 | -0.004 | 0.002 | -0.001 | 0.001 | |
snow | 2.20 | 1.06 | 4.90 | 10.88 | 3.14 | 1.43 | -3.44 | 2.47 | -2.54 | 2.83 | |
NDVI | 0.672 | 0.505 | -0.058 | 0.269 | -0.010 | 0.319 | -1.70 | 0.568 | 0.069 | 0.435 | |
distance to water | 0.834 | 0.259 | -0.362 | 0.743 | -0.947 | 0.574 | -0.686 | 0.206 | 0.099 | 0.505 | |
distance to treeline | 0.574 | 0.436 | -0.610 | 0.193 | -0.821 | 0.277 | -0.851 | 0.376 | |||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.261 | 0.035 | -0.058 | 0.298 | -0.114 | 0.113 | 0.157 | 0.063 | -0.059 | 0.074 | |
mixed/deciduous | 0.042 | 0.092 | -0.197 | 0.054 | |||||||
muskeg | 0.232 | 0.125 | -0.140 | 0.042 | |||||||
shrub | 0.189 | 0.069 | -0.338 | 0.087 | 0.061 | 0.057 | 0.068 | 0.078 | 0.363 | ||
herbaceous | -0.330 | 0.143 | |||||||||
alpine vegetated | 0.116 | 0.106 | -0.073 | 0.180 | -0.338 | 0.069 | -0.159 | 0.103 | |||
rock/ice | -0.004 | 0.143 | -0.054 | 0.490 | -0.138 | 0.217 | 0.021 | 0.112 | -0.178 | 0.124 | |
cutblock | -0.019 | 0.164 | -0.129 | 0.096 | |||||||
burn | |||||||||||
water | 0.259 | 0.711 | |||||||||
cut-block density | -15.46 | 4.56 | -5.82 | 1.55 | |||||||
linear feature density | -0.520 | 0.378 | 0.855 | 0.941 | -4.54 | 4.02 | -0.473 | 0.158 | 1.83 | 0.543 | |
intercept | 2.34 | 1.77 | -9.34 | 8.71 | -0.523 | 2.63 | 2.30 | 2.93 | 0.526 | 2.97 | |
Resource variable |
Narraway | Redrock-Prairie Creek | Redwillow | Tonquin | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||||
elevation | -0.241 | 0.680 | 1.14 | 0.296 | 0.945 | 4.14 | -0.024 | 1.07 | |||
slope | -0.015 | 0.004 | -0.020 | 0.002 | -0.023 | 0.007 | -0.010 | 0.007 | |||
aspect (S-N) | -0.002 | 0.027 | 0.104 | 0.022 | -0.033 | 0.005 | 0.219 | 0.150 | |||
aspect (E-W) | -0.069 | 0.023 | -0.061 | 0.018 | -0.081 | 0.071 | -0.187 | 0.065 | |||
TPI | -0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.0004 | -0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||
snow | 2.57 | 0.848 | 0.829 | 0.596 | 0.783 | 1.32 | 1.45 | 2.16 | |||
NDVI | -0.240 | 0.440 | 1.64 | 0.347 | -2.13 | 0.822 | 1.51 | 0.574 | |||
distance to water | -0.265 | 0.144 | -0.086 | 0.110 | -0.095 | 0.781 | 0.138 | 0.572 | |||
distance to treeline | 0.216 | 0.369 | 0.406 | 0.180 | 1.87 | 1.55 | -0.720 | 0.396 | |||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | -0.002 | 0.080 | 0.272 | 0.061 | 0.020 | 0.032 | -0.211 | 0.107 | |||
mixed/deciduous | -0.315 | 0.101 | 0.179 | 0.084 | -0.003 | 0.149 | |||||
muskeg | -0.003 | 0.001 | |||||||||
shrub | 0.123 | 0.031 | 0.300 | 0.056 | 0.050 | 0.005 | -0.529 | 0.160 | |||
herbaceous | |||||||||||
alpine vegetated | 0.114 | 0.100 | 0.267 | 0.056 | 0.025 | 0.196 | |||||
rock/ice | -0.047 | 0.155 | -0.158 | 0.071 | -0.034 | 0.146 | |||||
cutblock | -0.004 | 0.136 | |||||||||
burn | -1.04 | ||||||||||
water | |||||||||||
cut-block density | -7.29 | 3.07 | -1.28 | 2.06 | -1.45 | 1.05 | |||||
linear feature density | 1.06 | 0.198 | 0.197 | 0.221 | -0.757 | 0.483 | 3.34 | 2.02 | |||
intercept | -3.68 | 1.16 | -4.63 | 0.789 | -4.18 | 4.50 | -3.40 | 1.89 |
Table C4. Logistic regression coefficients (β) and standard errors (SE) of second-order, summer resource selection functions for nine woodland caribou populations in west-central Alberta and eastern British Columbia, 1998–2009.
Resource variable |
Population | ||||||||||
A la Pêche | Banff | Brazeau | Little Smoky | Malgine | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
elevation | 1.03 | 1.73 | 0.599 | 0.658 | 0.883 | 6.32 | 2.81 | -1.36 | 1.06 | ||
slope | -0.020 | 0.007 | -0.013 | -0.003 | 0.004 | -0.032 | 0.020 | -0.016 | 0.003 | ||
aspect (S-N) | 0.147 | 0.084 | 0.006 | 0.036 | 0.048 | -0.069 | 0.052 | -0.168 | 0.087 | ||
aspect (E-W) | 0.031 | 0.085 | -0.074 | 0.071 | 0.062 | -0.015 | 0.043 | -0.050 | 0.112 | ||
TPI | -0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.001 | 0.001 | -0.005 | 0.003 | 0.0003 | 0.0005 | ||
snow | -2.04 | 2.01 | -0.711 | -1.13 | 1.46 | -4.43 | 2.36 | 1.80 | 1.64 | ||
NDVI | 0.642 | 0.652 | 0.804 | 0.116 | 0.308 | -2.86 | 0.927 | -1.05 | 0.620 | ||
distance to water | 0.790 | 0.406 | 0.044 | -0.114 | 0.396 | -0.431 | 0.343 | 0.778 | 0.368 | ||
distance to treeline | -0.737 | 4.35 | 0.263 | -0.035 | 0.220 | -0.747 | 0.454 | ||||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.288 | 0.100 | 0.002 | 0.155 | 0.073 | -0.024 | 0.095 | -0.090 | 0.103 | ||
mixed/deciduous | -0.214 | 0.131 | -0.169 | 0.089 | |||||||
muskeg | 0.090 | 0.215 | -0.124 | 0.065 | |||||||
shrub | 0.434 | 0.158 | -0.195 | 0.125 | -0.089 | 0.103 | 0.096 | 0.163 | |||
herbaceous | |||||||||||
alpine vegetated | -0.011 | 0.094 | 0.215 | 0.141 | 0.112 | -0.193 | 0.048 | ||||
rock/ice | -0.205 | 0.117 | 0.286 | 0.022 | 0.231 | -0.001 | 0.093 | -0.139 | 0.146 | ||
cutblock | -0.280 | 0.100 | |||||||||
burn | |||||||||||
water | |||||||||||
cut-block density | -21.74 | 10.55 | -4.30 | 1.73 | |||||||
linear feature density | -0.300 | 0.482 | -0.981 | 1.17 | 3.02 | -0.646 | 0.275 | 1.91 | 1.00 | ||
intercept | -1.39 | 2.98 | -1.30 | -1.38 | 2.22 | 0.157 | 3.58 | 2.65 | 1.30 | ||
Resource variable |
Narraway | Redrock-Prairie Creek | Redwillow | Tonquin | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||||
elevation | -0.513 | 0.596 | 0.252 | 0.869 | -1.03 | 6.50 | 3.07 | 0.6962 | |||
slope | 0.005 | 0.003 | -0.007 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.029 | -0.023 | 0.0028 | |||
aspect (S-N) | -0.008 | 0.058 | 0.037 | 0.034 | 0.037 | 0.284 | 0.118 | 0.0359 | |||
aspect (E-W) | -0.058 | 0.029 | -0.011 | 0.037 | 0.047 | 0.092 | -0.095 | 0.0202 | |||
TPI | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | -0.002 | 0.0007 | |||
snow | -0.127 | 0.786 | 1.62 | 0.976 | 1.31 | 8.55 | 1.07 | 1.27 | |||
NDVI | 1.77 | 0.378 | 1.40 | 0.333 | -1.10 | 2.35 | 1.23 | 0.3539 | |||
distance to water | -0.259 | 0.273 | -0.155 | 0.189 | 0.765 | 0.586 | 0.526 | 0.3425 | |||
distance to treeline | -0.865 | 0.323 | 0.083 | 0.241 | 0.956 | 0.299 | 0.707 | 0.1939 | |||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.166 | 0.118 | -0.173 | 0.099 | 0.476 | 0.533 | 0.149 | 0.2187 | |||
mixed/deciduous | -0.124 | 0.127 | -0.329 | 0.152 | 0.442 | 0.814 | |||||
muskeg | |||||||||||
shrub | 0.363 | 0.153 | 0.128 | 0.091 | 0.267 | 0.688 | -0.270 | 0.3183 | |||
herbaceous | 0.423 | 0.156 | 1.52 | 1.19 | |||||||
alpine vegetated | 0.240 | 0.135 | 0.042 | 0.124 | 0.748 | 0.912 | 0.122 | 0.1043 | |||
rock/ice | 0.343 | 0.186 | 0.028 | 0.171 | 0.487 | 0.286 | -0.019 | 0.0896 | |||
cutblock | -0.359 | 0.183 | -0.314 | 0.717 | |||||||
burn | 0.030 | 0.212 | 0.231 | ||||||||
water | -0.130 | 0.4871 | |||||||||
cut-block density | 2.85 | 3.59 | -1.66 | 4.22 | 1.28 | 1.17 | |||||
linear feature density | 0.428 | 0.300 | -0.777 | 0.406 | -0.236 | 3.55 | 0.434 | 1.11 | |||
intercept | -0.252 | 0.956 | -1.79 | 1.34 | 0.585 | 7.78 | -7.80 | 1.60 |
Table C5. Logistic regression coefficients (β) and standard errors (SE) of third-order, winter resource selection functions for nine woodland caribou populations in west-central Alberta and eastern British Columbia, 1998–2009.
Resource variable |
Population | ||||||||||
A la Pêche | Banff | Brazeau | Little Smoky | Malgine | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
elevation | 0.748 | 0.573 | 4.71 | 1.04 | 3.97 | 1.19 | -0.911 | 1.17 | 0.631 | 1.06 | |
slope | -0.034 | 0.006 | -0.049 | 0.011 | -0.058 | 0.020 | -0.077 | 0.016 | -0.033 | 0.010 | |
aspect (S-N) | 0.193 | 0.059 | 0.326 | 0.182 | 0.150 | 0.199 | 0.004 | 0.029 | -0.007 | 0.205 | |
aspect (E-W) | -0.176 | 0.040 | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.256 | 0.159 | 0.112 | 0.032 | -0.569 | 0.140 | |
TPI | 0.008 | 0.002 | -0.001 | 0.001 | -0.003 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | |
NDVI | 0.078 | 0.658 | 1.77 | 0.212 | 3.22 | 1.75 | 0.013 | 0.868 | 0.815 | 0.419 | |
distance to water | -0.177 | 0.118 | -0.999 | 0.372 | 0.298 | 0.399 | -0.017 | 0.115 | -0.979 | 0.512 | |
distance to treeline | -0.750 | 0.305 | 0.627 | 0.009 | -1.14 | 0.451 | -0.625 | 0.377 | |||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.725 | 0.048 | -0.715 | 0.427 | -0.546 | 0.189 | 0.872 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.330 | |
mixed/deciduous | 0.071 | 0.125 | 0.0001 | 0.083 | |||||||
muskeg | 0.283 | 0.081 | 0.118 | 0.060 | |||||||
shrub | 0.003 | 0.142 | -0.640 | 0.185 | -0.020 | 0.095 | -0.198 | 0.196 | |||
herbaceous | |||||||||||
alpine vegetated | 0.160 | 0.140 | -0.677 | 0.239 | -0.600 | 0.165 | 0.688 | 0.399 | |||
rock/ice | -1.42 | 0.221 | -1.68 | 0.723 | -1.86 | 0.271 | 0.195 | 0.138 | -0.312 | 0.427 | |
burn | |||||||||||
water | -1.16 | 0.215 | |||||||||
cut-block density | 0.666 | 0.256 | -0.005 | 0.217 | |||||||
linear feature density | -0.033 | 0.007 | 0.027 | -0.180 | 0.054 | -0.017 | 0.005 | -0.085 | 0.020 | ||
intercept | -1.54 | 0.821 | -10.24 | 1.82 | -8.35 | 3.24 | 1.08 | 1.20 | -0.899 | 2.27 | |
Resource variable |
Narraway | Redrock-Prairie Creek | Redwillow | Tonquin | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||||
elevation | -1.39 | 0.543 | 0.416 | 0.257 | 2.88 | 1.32 | 0.567 | 0.618 | |||
slope | -0.057 | 0.007 | -0.078 | 0.005 | -0.061 | 0.032 | -0.019 | 0.005 | |||
aspect (S-N) | -0.110 | 0.029 | -0.017 | 0.034 | 0.005 | 0.107 | -0.094 | 0.136 | |||
aspect (E-W) | -0.138 | 0.035 | -0.282 | 0.034 | -0.252 | 0.078 | -0.058 | 0.125 | |||
TPI | 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.004 | |||
NDVI | -1.85 | 0.713 | -1.42 | 0.358 | -1.03 | 2.03 | 0.591 | 0.696 | |||
distance to water | -0.328 | 0.122 | -0.306 | 0.083 | -0.504 | 0.163 | 0.108 | 0.459 | |||
distance to treeline | 0.167 | 0.320 | -0.372 | 0.136 | -0.046 | -0.745 | 0.329 | ||||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.695 | 0.066 | 0.302 | 0.074 | 0.702 | 0.133 | 0.336 | 0.196 | |||
mixed/deciduous | -0.641 | 0.134 | 0.139 | 0.068 | -0.805 | 0.436 | |||||
muskeg | 0.092 | 0.067 | |||||||||
shrub | 0.732 | 0.047 | 0.553 | 0.056 | 0.521 | 0.068 | |||||
herbaceous | |||||||||||
alpine vegetated | 1.23 | 0.176 | 0.897 | 0.070 | -0.261 | 0.264 | |||||
rock/ice | -0.676 | 0.248 | -0.106 | 0.100 | -1.53 | 0.400 | |||||
burn | |||||||||||
water | |||||||||||
cut-block density | -0.237 | 0.674 | -0.330 | 0.196 | -1.54 | 0.641 | |||||
linear feature density | -0.025 | 0.005 | -0.018 | 0.006 | -0.036 | 0.016 | -0.067 | 0.038 | |||
intercept | 3.03 | 0.982 | 0.427 | 0.585 | -2.06 | 0.057 | -0.981 | 1.54 |
Table C6. Logistic regression coefficients (β) and standard errors (SE) of third-order, summer resource selection functions for nine woodland caribou populations in west-central Alberta and eastern British Columbia, 1998–2009.
Resource variable |
Population | ||||||||||
A la Pêche | Banff | Brazeau | Little Smoky | Malgine | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||
elevation | 0.748 | 0.573 | 4.71 | 1.04 | 3.97 | 1.19 | -0.911 | 1.17 | 0.631 | 1.06 | |
slope | -0.034 | 0.006 | -0.049 | 0.011 | -0.058 | 0.020 | -0.077 | 0.016 | -0.033 | 0.010 | |
aspect (S-N) | 0.193 | 0.059 | 0.326 | 0.182 | 0.150 | 0.199 | 0.004 | 0.029 | -0.007 | 0.205 | |
aspect (E-W) | -0.176 | 0.040 | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.256 | 0.159 | 0.112 | 0.032 | -0.569 | 0.140 | |
TPI | 0.008 | 0.002 | -0.001 | 0.001 | -0.003 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | |
NDVI | 0.078 | 0.658 | 1.77 | 0.212 | 3.22 | 1.75 | 0.013 | 0.868 | 0.815 | 0.419 | |
distance to water | -0.177 | 0.118 | -0.999 | 0.372 | 0.298 | 0.399 | -0.017 | 0.115 | -0.979 | 0.512 | |
distance to treeline | -0.750 | 0.305 | 0.627 | 0.009 | -1.14 | 0.451 | -0.625 | 0.377 | |||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.725 | 0.048 | -0.715 | 0.427 | -0.546 | 0.189 | 0.872 | 0.096 | 0.059 | 0.330 | |
mixed/deciduous | 0.071 | 0.125 | 0.0001 | 0.083 | |||||||
muskeg | 0.283 | 0.081 | 0.118 | 0.060 | |||||||
shrub | 0.003 | 0.142 | -0.640 | 0.185 | -0.020 | 0.095 | -0.198 | 0.196 | |||
herbaceous | |||||||||||
alpine vegetated | 0.160 | 0.140 | -0.677 | 0.239 | -0.600 | 0.165 | 0.688 | 0.399 | |||
rock/ice | -1.42 | 0.221 | -1.68 | 0.723 | -1.86 | 0.271 | 0.195 | 0.138 | -0.312 | 0.427 | |
burn | |||||||||||
water | -1.16 | 0.215 | |||||||||
cut-block density | 0.666 | 0.256 | -0.005 | 0.217 | |||||||
linear feature density | -0.033 | 0.007 | 0.027 | -0.180 | 0.054 | -0.017 | 0.005 | -0.085 | 0.020 | ||
intercept | -1.54 | 0.821 | -10.24 | 1.82 | -8.35 | 3.24 | 1.08 | 1.20 | -0.899 | 2.27 | |
Resource variable |
Narraway | Redrock-Prairie Creek | Redwillow | Tonquin | |||||||
β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE | ||||
elevation | -1.39 | 0.543 | 0.416 | 0.257 | 2.88 | 1.32 | 0.567 | 0.618 | |||
slope | -0.057 | 0.007 | -0.078 | 0.005 | -0.061 | 0.032 | -0.019 | 0.005 | |||
aspect (S-N) | -0.110 | 0.029 | -0.017 | 0.034 | 0.005 | 0.107 | -0.094 | 0.136 | |||
aspect (E-W) | -0.138 | 0.035 | -0.282 | 0.034 | -0.252 | 0.078 | -0.058 | 0.125 | |||
TPI | 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.004 | |||
NDVI | -1.85 | 0.713 | -1.42 | 0.358 | -1.03 | 2.03 | 0.591 | 0.696 | |||
distance to water | -0.328 | 0.122 | -0.306 | 0.083 | -0.504 | 0.163 | 0.108 | 0.459 | |||
distance to treeline | 0.167 | 0.320 | -0.372 | 0.136 | -0.046 | -0.745 | 0.329 | ||||
Land cover class |
closed conifer (reference category) | ||||||||||
open conifer | 0.695 | 0.066 | 0.302 | 0.074 | 0.702 | 0.133 | 0.336 | 0.196 | |||
mixed/deciduous | -0.641 | 0.134 | 0.139 | 0.068 | -0.805 | 0.436 | |||||
muskeg | 0.092 | 0.067 | |||||||||
shrub | 0.732 | 0.047 | 0.553 | 0.056 | 0.521 | 0.068 | |||||
herbaceous | |||||||||||
alpine vegetated | 1.23 | 0.176 | 0.897 | 0.070 | -0.261 | 0.264 | |||||
rock/ice | -0.676 | 0.248 | -0.106 | 0.100 | -1.53 | 0.400 | |||||
burn | |||||||||||
water | |||||||||||
cut-block density | -0.237 | 0.674 | -0.330 | 0.196 | -1.54 | 0.641 | |||||
linear feature density | -0.025 | 0.005 | -0.018 | 0.006 | -0.036 | 0.016 | -0.067 | 0.038 | |||
intercept | 3.03 | 0.982 | 0.427 | 0.585 | -2.06 | 0.057 | -0.981 | 1.54 |