Ecological Archives A022-122-A4

Amanda E. Martin, Lenore Fahrig. 2012. Measuring and selecting scales of effect for landscape predictors in species–habitat models. Ecological Applications 22:2277–2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/11-2224.1

Appendix D. Assessments of residual spatial autocorrelation and multicollinearity in habitat models for each modeled species.

Table D1. Global Moran's I tests of residual spatial autocorrelation in single-scale (SS) and multi-scale (MS) occupancy (OCC),  generalized linear (GLZ) and generalized additive (GAM) models for each species, where all landscape predictors were measured at the same scale in SS models and predictors were each measured at their individual scale of effect in MS models. Residual spatial autocorrelation was assessed for all models for which the change in the Akaike Information Criterion (corrected for small samples) from the most supported model was less than or equal to two (see Appendix B for details from multi-model selection). For OCC models, p() indicates a predictor effect on the detection probability,  ψ() indicates a predictor effect on the probability of occurrence. LC = local cover type, F = forest, W = wetland, G = grass, C = crop, H = housing, R = road, E = edge, S = stream.

Species Framework Model Included predictors I P
Striped skunk OCC SS p(H, R)  ψ(F, W, G, C, E) 0.065 0.293
p(H)  ψ(F, W, G, C, E) 0.050 0.396
p(G, H)  ψ(F, W, G, C, E) 0.022 0.628
 ψ(F, W, G, C, H, E) 0.066 0.292
p(W)  ψ(F, W, G, C, H, E) 0.084 0.197
p(W, G)  ψ(F, W, G, C, H, E) 0.074 0.244
p(W, H)  ψ(F, W, G, C, E) 0.071 0.259
p(H, R)  ψ(F, W, G, C, H, E) 0.084 0.196
p(E)  ψ(F, W, G, C, H, E) 0.063 0.308
MS  ψ(LC, F, W, H, E) 0.007 0.767
 ψ(LC, F, W, H, R, E) 0.015 0.687
 ψ(LC, F, W, G, E) -0.013 0.971
GLZ SS F, W, G, C, H, E -0.007 0.906
F, E, W -0.052 0.641
F, W, C, H, E -0.050 0.655
F, W, H, R, E -0.028 0.875
F, W, H, E -0.033 0.818
F, W, G, C, H, R, E -0.004 0.874
MS F, E, W -0.081 0.394
F, W -0.055 0.613
F, W, H, E -0.048 0.672
F, W, G, E -0.082 0.382
F, W, C, E -0.086 0.361
F, W, H -0.033 0.822
F, G, E -0.042 0.732
G, C, E -0.070 0.478
F, W, C -0.055 0.611
F, G, C, E -0.065 0.519
GAM SS F, W, G, C, H, E -0.136 0.116
F, W, G, C, H -0.110 0.218
MS F, E -0.066 0.515
F, E, W -0.105 0.244
F, W, G, E -0.088 0.348
LC, F, W, G, E -0.077 0.426
G, C, H, R -0.076 0.432
G, C, H -0.049 0.660
F, W, G, H, R -0.090 0.334
F, H, E -0.038 0.773
F, G, E -0.067 0.505
Ermine OCC SS p(H)  ψ(W, S) -0.002 0.859
p(R)  ψ(W, S) -0.012 0.955
p(H)  ψ(W, R, S) -0.008 0.914
p(H)  ψ(W, G, S) 0.006 0.776
p(R) ψ(W, G, S) -0.011 0.948
p(W, H) ψ(W, S) -0.016 0.996
MS  ψ(W, G, R) 0.007 0.760
 ψ(W, R) 0.013 0.705
p(W)  ψ(W, R) 0.008 0.752
p(F)  ψ(W, G, R) 0.012 0.714
p(H)  ψ(W, G, R) 0.012 0.718
 ψ(G, C, R) 0.017 0.664
p(H)  ψ(F, W, G, R) 0.022 0.615
p(G)  ψ(W, G, R) 0.009 0.741
p(H)  ψ(G, C, R) 0.017 0.669
p(C)  ψ(W, G, R) 0.008 0.752
 ψ(F, W, G, R) 0.011 0.723
 ψ(F, W, H, R) 0.012 0.718
p(F)  ψ(F, W, H, R) 0.013 0.705
GLZ SS R 0.05 0.394
W, R 0.055 0.355
F, R 0.041 0.460
R, S 0.053 0.372
MS W, G, R, S -0.018 0.977
C, H, R, S 0.068 0.269
W, G, H, R, S -0.016 0.997
F, W, G, R, S -0.002 0.860
C, H, R, S 0.068 0.269
H, R 0.048 0.407
H, R, S 0.058 0.333
G, H, R, S 0.022 0.616
G, C, H, R, S 0.045 0.423
C, R 0.061 0.313
GAM SS H, R 0.041 0.454
C, H, R 0.037 0.483
MS W, H, S -0.012 0.960
Raccoon GAM SS C, H -0.049 0.664
LC, C, H -0.056 0.605
MS G, C, H -0.057 0.598
LC, G, C, H -0.071 0.473
G, C, H, E -0.133 0.130
F, E -0.086 0.365

 

Table D2. Variance inflation factors (VIF) for candidate landscape predictors used in single-scale (SS) and multi-scale (MS) occupancy (OCC), generalized linear (GLZ), generalized additive (GAM) and classification regression tree (CART) models, where all landscape predictors were measured at the same scale in SS models and predictors were each measured at their individual scale of effect in MS models (see Appendix A for the scales used). Bolded text indicates moderate multicollinearity (VIF of 5–10); no model produced extreme multicollinearity (VIF > 10).

Striped skunk OCC GLZ GAM CART
SS MS SS MS SS MS SS MS
Forest 4.94 2.08 4.97 1.36 4.97 1.19 6.88 2.22
Wetland 5.20 1.91 5.40 1.59 5.40 1.55 6.48 2.95
Grass 4.25 1.07 4.52 1.25 4.52 1.46 5.69 2.38
Crop 5.22 2.61 5.07 1.59 5.07 1.68 7.69 2.20
Housing 2.76 2.34 2.46 1.50 2.46 2.57 1.71 1.37
Road 4.14 3.37 3.82 1.41 3.82 3.18 3.44 1.71
Edge 1.65 1.69 1.61 1.47 1.61 1.84 1.39 1.59
Ermine
Forest 6.13 1.65 3.39 1.47 5.43 1.51 6.44 1.32
Wetland 6.05 2.09 1.80 1.72 5.60 1.37 5.80 1.43
Grass 4.28 1.65 3.84 1.66 3.63 2.19 5.78 1.12
Crop 6.07 1.65 3.50 1.80 5.08 2.53 8.46 1.60
Housing 1.86 1.52 1.64 1.72 1.99 1.49 1.76 2.48
Road 3.35 1.45 1.99 1.44 3.14 1.86 3.60 2.62
Stream 1.11 1.35 1.13 1.17 1.14 1.17 1.11 1.16
Raccoon
Forest 3.64 1.23 3.64 1.23 4.87 1.41 4.96 2.79
Wetland 1.85 1.08 1.85 1.08 5.40 1.64 5.24 2.62
Grass 4.17 1.28 4.17 1.28 4.26 1.64 4.33 2.11
Crop 3.83 1.43 3.83 1.43 4.81 1.79 5.04 2.96
Housing 1.64 6.20 1.64 6.20 2.34 1.56 2.56 2.27
Road 1.98 6.17 1.98 6.17 3.61 1.78 3.76 3.24
Edge 1.35 1.08 1.35 1.08 1.54 1.44 1.64 1.59

 

Table D3. Pairwise Spearman rank correlations (rs) for candidate landscape predictors used in single-scale (SS) and multi-scale (MS) occupancy (OCC), generalized linear (GLZ), generalized additive (GAM) and classification regression tree (CART) models. Values above the diagonal correspond to comparisons for the SS model (where all predictors were measured at the same scale) and values below the diagonal to comparisons for the MS model (where predictors were each measured at their individual scale of effect; see Appendix A for the scales used in each pairwise comparison). Bolded text indicates moderate correlations (rs 0.50 - 0.70), and shading extreme correlations (rs > 0.70).

Striped skunk Forest Wetland Grass Crop Housing Road Edge
OCC Forest   -0.15 -0.29 -0.46 0.09 0.04 -0.26
Wetland -0.14   -0.32 -0.42 -0.36 -0.24 0.04
Grass -0.17 -0.09   0.09 0.07 -0.16 0.52
Crop -0.43 -0.42 0.02   -0.34 -0.20 0.12
Housing 0.13 -0.41 -0.09 -0.27   0.69 -0.31
Road 0.08 -0.35 0.07 -0.21 0.63   -0.43
Edge -0.19 0.38 0.04 -0.10 -0.42 -0.48  
GLZ Forest   -0.18 -0.32 -0.42 0.08 0.12 -0.18
Wetland 0.04   -0.34 -0.40 -0.35 -0.17 -0.07
Grass -0.15 -0.23   0.07 0.06 -0.17 0.47
Crop -0.40 -0.42 0.12   -0.32 -0.25 0.17
Housing 0.04 -0.41 0.04 -0.27   0.64 -0.35
Road -0.10 -0.24 -0.15 0.02 0.42   -0.45
Edge 0.11 0.38 0.27 -0.10 -0.42 -0.29  
GAM Forest   -0.18 -0.32 -0.42 0.08 0.12 -0.18
Wetland 0.13   -0.34 -0.40 -0.35 -0.17 -0.07
Grass 0.00 -0.21   0.07 0.06 -0.17 0.47
Crop -0.38 -0.42 0.06   -0.32 -0.25 0.17
Housing -0.01 -0.44 0.03 -0.27   0.64 -0.35
Road -0.02 -0.35 -0.12 -0.23 0.64   -0.45
Edge 0.17 0.38 0.41 -0.10 -0.41 -0.48  
CART Forest   -0.20 -0.29 -0.41 -0.07 0.03 -0.10
Wetland -0.18   -0.24 -0.39 -0.14 -0.13 -0.07
Grass -0.27 -0.35   -0.13 0.03 -0.05 0.40
Crop -0.35 -0.37 0.13   -0.29 -0.34 0.15
Housing 0.05 -0.30 0.09 -0.22   0.66 -0.19
Road 0.09 -0.15 -0.13 -0.30 0.38   -0.25
Edge -0.15 0.20 0.41 0.14 -0.27 -0.33  
Ermine Forest Wetland Grass Crop Housing Road Edge
OCC Forest   -0.26 -0.28 -0.41 -0.04 0.08 -0.09
Wetland -0.15   -0.28 -0.38 -0.19 -0.16 -0.19
Grass -0.14 -0.39   -0.05 0.06 -0.05 0.23
Crop -0.38 -0.31 0.11   -0.28 -0.35 0.20
Housing -0.01 -0.25 0.02 -0.31   0.67 -0.07
Road 0.14 0.02 -0.31 -0.19 0.29   -0.09
Stream -0.07 -0.49 0.22 0.31 -0.07 -0.19  
GLZ Forest   0.07 -0.27 -0.25 0.04 -0.07 -0.03
Wetland -0.07   0.05 -0.38 -0.29 -0.16 0.17
Grass 0.08 -0.36   -0.27 -0.35 -0.25 0.17
Crop -0.46 -0.37 -0.03   -0.20 -0.03 -0.01
Housing 0.01 -0.30 0.02 -0.29   0.59 -0.19
Road 0.05 0.04 -0.27 -0.11 0.29   -0.27
Stream 0.05 -0.14 0.01 0.00 0.00 -0.23  
GAM Forest   -0.24 -0.29 -0.43 -0.02 0.10 -0.14
Wetland 0.13   -0.27 -0.39 -0.23 -0.17 -0.23
Grass -0.23 -0.14   -0.01 0.06 -0.10 0.22
Crop -0.22 -0.14 -0.41   -0.25 -0.30 0.26
Housing -0.01 -0.29 -0.04 -0.29   0.65 -0.05
Road -0.11 -0.29 -0.07 -0.22 0.45   -0.07
Stream -0.06 -0.23 0.19 0.14 -0.06 -0.18  
CART Forest   -0.15 -0.32 -0.38 -0.03 -0.01 0.04
Wetland 0.12   -0.17 -0.36 -0.17 -0.15 -0.17
Grass -0.23 -0.13   -0.22 -0.02 -0.06 0.17
Crop -0.38 -0.43 0.04   -0.30 -0.30 0.07
Housing -0.02 -0.43 -0.04 -0.27   0.67 -0.23
Road -0.12 -0.27 -0.09 -0.13 0.64   -0.18
Stream -0.06 -0.22 0.19 0.08 -0.03 -0.06  
Raccoon Forest Wetland Grass Crop Housing Road Edge
OCC Forest   0.07 -0.27 -0.25 0.04 -0.07 0.13
Wetland 0.13   0.05 -0.38 -0.29 -0.16 0.35
Grass -0.12 0.01   -0.27 -0.35 -0.25 0.36
Crop -0.38 -0.23 -0.26   -0.20 -0.03 0.15
Housing 0.16 -0.05 -0.09 -0.25   0.59 -0.49
Road 0.09 -0.06 0.07 -0.35 0.77   -0.43
Edge -0.15 0.18 0.20 0.14 -0.26 -0.24  
GLZ Forest   0.07 -0.27 -0.25 0.04 -0.07 0.13
Wetland 0.13   0.05 -0.38 -0.29 -0.16 0.35
Grass -0.12 0.01   -0.27 -0.35 -0.25 0.36
Crop -0.38 -0.23 -0.26   -0.20 -0.03 0.15
Housing 0.16 -0.05 -0.09 -0.25   0.59 -0.49
Road 0.09 -0.06 0.07 -0.35 0.77   -0.43
Stream -0.15 0.18 0.20 0.14 -0.26 -0.24  
GAM Forest   -0.22 -0.30 -0.40 0.07 0.09 -0.18
Wetland 0.03   -0.34 -0.40 -0.31 -0.15 -0.10
Grass -0.28 -0.27   0.05 0.05 -0.16 0.48
Crop -0.35 -0.39 0.00   -0.33 -0.27 0.16
Housing 0.19 -0.28 0.00 -0.31   0.64 -0.31
Road 0.15 -0.18 -0.06 -0.27 0.52   -0.40
Edge -0.20 0.20 0.27 0.03 -0.41 -0.42  
CART Forest   -0.17 -0.30 -0.44 0.09 0.07 -0.23
Wetland -0.16   -0.35 -0.40 -0.35 -0.19 -0.02
Grass -0.30 -0.25   0.08 0.06 -0.17 0.52
Crop -0.42 -0.38 0.00   -0.32 -0.22 0.16
Housing 0.08 -0.33 0.04 -0.33   0.67 -0.35
Road 0.13 -0.16 -0.17 -0.27 0.62   -0.45
Edge -0.20 0.20 0.28 0.03 -0.32 -0.57  

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