Ecological Archives A023-081-A1

Insu Koh, Helen I. Rowe, Jeffrey D. Holland. 2013. Graph and circuit theory connectivity models of conservation biological control agents. Ecological Applications 23:1554–1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1595.1

Appendix A. Two parameters for correlated random walk simulation: reported data and distributions of step length and turning angles.

Table A1. Movement reported data for Coccinellidae and unit transformation for step length (m/h).

Reference

Experiment species

Study country

Reported movement data

Unit (m/h)

Osawa 2000

Harmonia axyridis

Kyoto Univ. Japan

9.71 ± 1.29 m (3.3–7.6 day)-1

0.08

Long et al. 1998

Hippodamia convergens

Califonia, USA

76 m (14 day)-1

0.23

Van der Werf et al. 2000

Coccinella septempuncata

Utah, USA

1.9 m2 (hour)-1

5.51p

Brown et al. 2011

Harmonia axyridis

Europe

200 km (year)-1

22.83

Elliott et al. 2000

Coleomegilla maculata

USA

66.4 ± 4.37 cm (min)-1

39.84

Seo and Youn 2000

Harmonia axyridis

South Korea

5.78 ± 1.04 cm (5 sec)-1

41.62

Elliott et al. 2000

Hippodamia convergens

USA

74.5 ± 4.20 cm (min)-1

44.70

Elliott et al. 2000

Hippodamia tredecimpuncata

USA

83.2 ± 4.99 cm (min)-1

49.92

McCorquodale 1998

Harmonia axyridis

North America

442 km (year)-1

50.46

Stals 2010

Harmonia axyridis

South Africa

500 km (year)-1

59.52

Banks and Yasenak 2003

Coccinella septempuncata

Washington Univ, USA

500 cm2 (50 sec)-1

64.40p

Seko et al. 2008

Harmonia axyridis

Japan

431m, 396f m (hour)-1

413.50

Note: m: male, f: female, p: perimeter

 

FigA1

Fig. A1. Histogram of step length for 1000 steps and the gamma distribution (Mean = 50 m, SD = 35 m).


 

FigA2

Fig. A2. Based on the published data from Banks and Yasenak (2003), histogram of turning angles for 1000 steps and the normal distribution (Mean = 0 degree, SD = 27 Degree).


 

Literature cited

Banks, J. E., and C. L. Yasenak. 2003. Effects of plot vegetation diversity and spatial scale on Coccinella septempunctata movement in the absence of prey. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 108:197–204.

Brown, P. M. J., C. E. Thomas, E. Lombaert, D. L. Jeffries, A. Estoup, and L. J. L. Handley. 2011. The global spread of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): distribution, dispersal and routes of invasion. Biocontrol 56:623–641.

Elliott, N. C., R. W. Kieckhefer, and D. A. Beck. 2000. Adult coccinellid activity and predation on aphids in spring cereals. Biological Control 17:218–226.

Long, R., A. Corbett, C. Lamb, C. Reberg-Horton, J. Chandler, and M. Stimmann. 1998. Beneficial insects move from flowering plants to nearby crops. California Agriculture 52:23–26.

McCorquodale, D. B. 1998. Adventive lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in eastern Nova Scotia, Canada. Entomological News 109:15–20.

Osawa, N. 2000. Population field studies on the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): resource tracking and population characteristics. Population Ecology 42:115–127.

Seko, T., K. Yamashita, and K. Miura. 2008. Residence period of a flightless strain of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in open fields. Biological Control 47:194–198.

Seo, M. J., and Y. N. Youn. 2000. The Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, as biological control agents: 1. Predacious behavior and fedding ability. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 39:59–71.

Stals, R., and G. Prinsloo. 2007. Discovery of an alien invasive, predatory insect in South Africa: the multicoloured Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). South African Journal of Science 103:123–126.

Van der Werf, W., E. W. Evans, and J. Powell. 2000. Measuring and modelling the dispersal of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in alfalfa fields. European Journal of Entomology 97:487–493.


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