Ecological Archives A023-081-A1
Insu Koh, Helen I. Rowe, Jeffrey D. Holland. 2013. Graph and circuit theory connectivity models of conservation biological control agents. Ecological Applications 23:1554–1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-1595.1
Appendix A. Two parameters for correlated random walk simulation: reported data and distributions of step length and turning angles.
Table A1. Movement reported data for Coccinellidae and unit transformation for step length (m/h).
Reference |
Experiment species |
Study country |
Reported movement data |
Unit (m/h) |
Osawa 2000 |
Harmonia axyridis |
Kyoto Univ. Japan |
9.71 ± 1.29 m (3.3–7.6 day)-1 |
0.08 |
Long et al. 1998 |
Hippodamia convergens |
Califonia, USA |
76 m (14 day)-1 |
0.23 |
Van der Werf et al. 2000 |
Coccinella septempuncata |
Utah, USA |
1.9 m2 (hour)-1 |
5.51p |
Brown et al. 2011 |
Harmonia axyridis |
Europe |
200 km (year)-1 |
22.83 |
Elliott et al. 2000 |
Coleomegilla maculata |
USA |
66.4 ± 4.37 cm (min)-1 |
39.84 |
Seo and Youn 2000 |
Harmonia axyridis |
South Korea |
5.78 ± 1.04 cm (5 sec)-1 |
41.62 |
Elliott et al. 2000 |
Hippodamia convergens |
USA |
74.5 ± 4.20 cm (min)-1 |
44.70 |
Elliott et al. 2000 |
Hippodamia tredecimpuncata |
USA |
83.2 ± 4.99 cm (min)-1 |
49.92 |
McCorquodale 1998 |
Harmonia axyridis |
North America |
442 km (year)-1 |
50.46 |
Stals 2010 |
Harmonia axyridis |
South Africa |
500 km (year)-1 |
59.52 |
Banks and Yasenak 2003 |
Coccinella septempuncata |
Washington Univ, USA |
500 cm2 (50 sec)-1 |
64.40p |
Seko et al. 2008 |
Harmonia axyridis |
Japan |
431m, 396f m (hour)-1 |
413.50 |
Note: m: male, f: female, p: perimeter
Fig. A1. Histogram of step length for 1000 steps and the gamma distribution (Mean = 50 m, SD = 35 m).
Fig. A2. Based on the published data from Banks and Yasenak (2003), histogram of turning angles for 1000 steps and the normal distribution (Mean = 0 degree, SD = 27 Degree).
Literature cited
Banks, J. E., and C. L. Yasenak. 2003. Effects of plot vegetation diversity and spatial scale on Coccinella septempunctata movement in the absence of prey. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 108:197–204.
Brown, P. M. J., C. E. Thomas, E. Lombaert, D. L. Jeffries, A. Estoup, and L. J. L. Handley. 2011. The global spread of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): distribution, dispersal and routes of invasion. Biocontrol 56:623–641.
Elliott, N. C., R. W. Kieckhefer, and D. A. Beck. 2000. Adult coccinellid activity and predation on aphids in spring cereals. Biological Control 17:218–226.
Long, R., A. Corbett, C. Lamb, C. Reberg-Horton, J. Chandler, and M. Stimmann. 1998. Beneficial insects move from flowering plants to nearby crops. California Agriculture 52:23–26.
McCorquodale, D. B. 1998. Adventive lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in eastern Nova Scotia, Canada. Entomological News 109:15–20.
Osawa, N. 2000. Population field studies on the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): resource tracking and population characteristics. Population Ecology 42:115–127.
Seko, T., K. Yamashita, and K. Miura. 2008. Residence period of a flightless strain of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in open fields. Biological Control 47:194–198.
Seo, M. J., and Y. N. Youn. 2000. The Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, as biological control agents: 1. Predacious behavior and fedding ability. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 39:59–71.
Stals, R., and G. Prinsloo. 2007. Discovery of an alien invasive, predatory insect in South Africa: the multicoloured Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae). South African Journal of Science 103:123–126.
Van der Werf, W., E. W. Evans, and J. Powell. 2000. Measuring and modelling the dispersal of Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) in alfalfa fields. European Journal of Entomology 97:487–493.