Ecological Archives A024-069-A3
Wiebke Hanke, Jürgen Böhner, Niels Dreber, Norbert Jürgens, Ute Schmiedel, Dirk Wesuls, Jürgen Dengler. 2014. The impact of livestock grazing on plant diversity: an analysis across dryland ecosystems and scales in southern Africa. Ecological Applications 24:1188–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0377.1
Appendix C. Interannual standard deviations of total plant cover and the diversity measures at heavier and lighter grazing intensity at 1000-m² scale.
Table C1. Mean ± SD of the interannual standard deviations of total plant cover and the diversity indices at heavier and lighter grazing intensity at 1000-m² scale. Data used for the index calculation were percent cover for the years 2005–2009. The diversity indices were calculated on the basis of species and plant functional groups. Significances were derived from permutation-based t tests run with the SDs of the indices over the five years; significant differences are shown in bold type (p < 0.05). NNK = northern Nama Karoo, CNK = central Nama Karoo, SK = Succulent Karoo.
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|
Species |
|
Functional groups |
||||||||||||
Biome |
Measure |
lighter |
heavier |
p |
gap |
lighter |
heavier |
p |
||||||||
NNK |
Evenness |
0.05 |
± |
0.01 |
0.04 |
± |
0.01 |
0.058 |
|
0.05 |
± |
0.02 |
0.07 |
± |
0.02 |
<0.001 |
CNK |
Evenness |
0.09 |
± |
0.04 |
0.10 |
± |
0.04 |
0.604 |
|
0.13 |
± |
0.05 |
0.15 |
± |
0.05 |
0.110 |
SK |
Evenness |
0.04 |
± |
0.02 |
0.05 |
± |
0.02 |
0.161 |
|
0.04 |
± |
0.03 |
0.05 |
± |
0.03 |
0.235 |
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|
NNK |
Berger-Parker dominance |
0.08 |
± |
0.02 |
0.07 |
± |
0.03 |
0.272 |
|
0.06 |
± |
0.03 |
0.08 |
± |
0.02 |
0.017 |
CNK |
Berger-Parker dominance |
0.13 |
± |
0.06 |
0.12 |
± |
0.05 |
0.636 |
|
0.13 |
± |
0.04 |
0.14 |
± |
0.05 |
0.861 |
SK |
Berger-Parker dominance |
0.05 |
± |
0.04 |
0.09 |
± |
0.04 |
0.013 |
|
0.06 |
± |
0.04 |
0.08 |
± |
0.05 |
0.231 |
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|
NNK |
Simpson diversity |
0.05 |
± |
0.01 |
0.05 |
± |
0.03 |
0.699 |
|
0.04 |
± |
0.03 |
0.07 |
± |
0.02 |
<0.001 |
CNK |
Simpson diversity |
0.11 |
± |
0.07 |
0.12 |
± |
0.05 |
0.554 |
|
0.12 |
± |
0.05 |
0.16 |
± |
0.05 |
0.087 |
SK |
Simpson diversity |
0.03 |
± |
0.03 |
0.07 |
± |
0.05 |
0.009 |
|
0.05 |
± |
0.04 |
0.07 |
± |
0.04 |
0.080 |
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|
NNK |
Shannon diversity |
0.22 |
± |
0.03 |
0.21 |
± |
0.07 |
0.659 |
|
0.10 |
± |
0.05 |
0.15 |
± |
0.04 |
0.001 |
CNK |
Shannon diversity |
0.39 |
± |
0.10 |
0.38 |
± |
0.14 |
0.874 |
|
0.26 |
± |
0.09 |
0.32 |
± |
0.08 |
0.053 |
SK |
Shannon diversity |
0.15 |
± |
0.09 |
0.20 |
± |
0.09 |
0.139 |
|
0.09 |
± |
0.06 |
0.12 |
± |
0.07 |
0.242 |
|
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|
NNK |
Richness |
7.99 |
± |
1.74 |
8.71 |
± |
2.58 |
0.316 |
|
0.08 |
± |
0.18 |
0.22 |
± |
0.30 |
0.114 |
CNK |
Richness |
8.72 |
± |
2.32 |
9.24 |
± |
1.85 |
0.413 |
|
0.64 |
± |
0.42 |
1.48 |
± |
0.60 |
<0.001 |
SK |
Richness |
11.29 |
± |
3.04 |
9.81 |
± |
2.41 |
0.122 |
|
0.39 |
± |
0.31 |
0.51 |
± |
0.20 |
0.227 |
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NNK |
Bray-Curtis similarity |
0.05 |
± |
0.02 |
0.04 |
± |
0.01 |
0.044 |
|
0.04 |
± |
0.02 |
0.03 |
± |
0.01 |
0.549 |
CNK |
Bray-Curtis similarity |
0.04 |
± |
0.02 |
0.04 |
± |
0.02 |
0.323 |
|
0.07 |
± |
0.03 |
0.07 |
± |
0.03 |
0.944 |
SK |
Bray-Curtis similarity |
0.02 |
± |
0.01 |
0.02 |
± |
0.01 |
0.293 |
|
0.03 |
± |
0.02 |
0.05 |
± |
0.03 |
0.121 |
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|
NNK |
Jaccard similarity |
0.03 |
± |
0.01 |
0.03 |
± |
0.01 |
1.000 |
|
0.01 |
± |
0.02 |
0.02 |
± |
0.02 |
0.137 |
CNK |
Jaccard similarity |
0.07 |
± |
0.01 |
0.07 |
± |
0.02 |
0.987 |
|
0.09 |
± |
0.04 |
0.15 |
± |
0.03 |
<0.001 |
SK |
Jaccard similarity |
0.02 |
± |
0.01 |
0.02 |
± |
0.01 |
0.545 |
|
0.03 |
± |
0.01 |
0.04 |
± |
0.02 |
0.156 |