Ecological Archives A024-069-A3

Wiebke Hanke, Jürgen Böhner, Niels Dreber, Norbert Jürgens, Ute Schmiedel, Dirk Wesuls, Jürgen Dengler. 2014. The impact of livestock grazing on plant diversity: an analysis across dryland ecosystems and scales in southern Africa. Ecological Applications 24:1188–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-0377.1

Appendix C. Interannual standard deviations of total plant cover and the diversity measures at heavier and lighter grazing intensity at 1000-m² scale.

Table C1. Mean ± SD of the interannual standard deviations of total plant cover and the diversity indices at heavier and lighter grazing intensity at 1000-m² scale. Data used for the index calculation were percent cover for the years 2005–2009. The diversity indices were calculated on the basis of species and plant functional groups. Significances were derived from permutation-based t tests run with the SDs of the indices over the five years; significant differences are shown in bold type (p < 0.05). NNK = northern Nama Karoo, CNK = central Nama Karoo, SK = Succulent Karoo.

 

 

Species

 

Functional groups

Biome

Measure

lighter

heavier

p

gap

lighter

heavier

p

NNK

Evenness

0.05

±

0.01

0.04

±

0.01

0.058

 

0.05

±

0.02

0.07

±

0.02

<0.001

CNK

Evenness

0.09

±

0.04

0.10

±

0.04

0.604

 

0.13

±

0.05

0.15

±

0.05

0.110

SK

Evenness

0.04

±

0.02

0.05

±

0.02

0.161

 

0.04

±

0.03

0.05

±

0.03

0.235

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNK

Berger-Parker dominance

0.08

±

0.02

0.07

±

0.03

0.272

 

0.06

±

0.03

0.08

±

0.02

0.017

CNK

Berger-Parker dominance

0.13

±

0.06

0.12

±

0.05

0.636

 

0.13

±

0.04

0.14

±

0.05

0.861

SK

Berger-Parker dominance

0.05

±

0.04

0.09

±

0.04

0.013

 

0.06

±

0.04

0.08

±

0.05

0.231

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNK

Simpson diversity

0.05

±

0.01

0.05

±

0.03

0.699

 

0.04

±

0.03

0.07

±

0.02

<0.001

CNK

Simpson diversity

0.11

±

0.07

0.12

±

0.05

0.554

 

0.12

±

0.05

0.16

±

0.05

0.087

SK

Simpson diversity

0.03

±

0.03

0.07

±

0.05

0.009

 

0.05

±

0.04

0.07

±

0.04

0.080

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNK

Shannon diversity

0.22

±

0.03

0.21

±

0.07

0.659

 

0.10

±

0.05

0.15

±

0.04

0.001

CNK

Shannon diversity

0.39

±

0.10

0.38

±

0.14

0.874

 

0.26

±

0.09

0.32

±

0.08

0.053

SK

Shannon diversity

0.15

±

0.09

0.20

±

0.09

0.139

 

0.09

±

0.06

0.12

±

0.07

0.242

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNK

Richness

7.99

±

1.74

8.71

±

2.58

0.316

 

0.08

±

0.18

0.22

±

0.30

0.114

CNK

Richness

8.72

±

2.32

9.24

±

1.85

0.413

 

0.64

±

0.42

1.48

±

0.60

<0.001

SK

Richness

11.29

±

3.04

9.81

±

2.41

0.122

 

0.39

±

0.31

0.51

±

0.20

0.227

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNK

Bray-Curtis similarity

0.05

±

0.02

0.04

±

0.01

0.044

 

0.04

±

0.02

0.03

±

0.01

0.549

CNK

Bray-Curtis similarity

0.04

±

0.02

0.04

±

0.02

0.323

 

0.07

±

0.03

0.07

±

0.03

0.944

SK

Bray-Curtis similarity

0.02

±

0.01

0.02

±

0.01

0.293

 

0.03

±

0.02

0.05

±

0.03

0.121

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NNK

Jaccard similarity

0.03

±

0.01

0.03

±

0.01

1.000

 

0.01

±

0.02

0.02

±

0.02

0.137

CNK

Jaccard similarity

0.07

±

0.01

0.07

±

0.02

0.987

 

0.09

±

0.04

0.15

±

0.03

<0.001

SK

Jaccard similarity

0.02

±

0.01

0.02

±

0.01

0.545

 

0.03

±

0.01

0.04

±

0.02

0.156


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