Ecological Archives E085-042-A1

Randall P. Moore and W. Douglas Robinson. 2004. Artificial bird nests, external validity, and bias in ecological field studies. Ecology 85:1562–1567.

Appendix A. Fifty-nine studies included in our review of artificial nest literature and a summary of the results of comparisons made between data from real and artificial nests.

First author

Year

General category

Pattern comparisons

Rate comparisons

Amaraskare

1993

2

 

s

Ammon

1997

2

s,d

 

Balser

1968

2

a,a

a

Bechet

1998

1

s*

d*

Boag

1984

   

a

Buler

2000

3

s*,d*,d*,a*

a*

Butler

1998

2

d*,d*

s*

Byers

1974

2

d

a

Chamberlain

1995

3

d*

s*

Chesness

1968

2

s

d

Cresswell

1997

3

 

s*

Davison

2000

2

s*,d*

d*

Dearborn

1999

3

s

 

Dion

1999

3

d*

d*

Dion

2000

3

d*

 

Dwernychuk

1972

1

d

d

Erikstad

1982

2

s

 

George

1987

2

s

 

Gottfried

1978

3

 

s*

Gotmark

1990

2

d,d

a

Guyn

1997

3

d,a

d

Hannon

1998

1

 

d

Hannson

2001

2

s*

 

Herranz

2001

2

 

s*,d*

Kelly

1993

3

 

d*

King

1998

1

 

s

King

1999

2

 

d*

King

2000

2

d

 

Komdeur

1999

2

 

s*

MacIvor

1990

2

d*

 

Major

1990

3

 

s

Major

1994

2

 

s

Matthews

1999

1

 

d

Moller

1987

1

 

d

Moller

1990

1

 

d*

Niemuth

1995

1

 

a

Niemuth

1997

1

 

d

Nilsson

1985

2

d*

 

O’Reilly

1989

2

 

d*

Part

2002

3

 

s,a

Part

2002

1

s*,d*

 

Poysa

1997

2

 

s*

Roper

1992

2

 

d*

Schmidt

2001

1

 

d

Schranck

1972

2

d

a

Sieving

1998

1

d

 

Sloan

1998

2

a,a

d

Soderstrom

1998

2

 

d

Storaas

1988

2

a,d*

d*

Vaananen

2000

2

s

d*

Vander Haegen

2002

2

d*

d*

Watts

1987

1

 

s

Weidinger

2001

2

a*,a*

a*

Willebrand

1988

2

d*

a*

Wilson

1998

3

s*

d*

Winter

2000

1

d*

 

Yahner

1987

1

 

a

Yahner

1991

1

 

a

Yahner

1992

1

 

s

Zanette

2000

2

d*,d*

d*

"1" = Studies for which data from real and artificial nests were taken at different times, different locations, or both; "2" = Studies for which data were taken at the same time and location, but using different methods; and "3" = Studies for which data were taken at the same time, location, and with the same methods. 

Pattern and rate comparisons. Pattern indicates whether predation of artificial and real nests changed across treatments in similar (s) or dissimilar (d) directions or if comparisons were too ambiguous (a) to reach a conclusion. Rate indicates whether simple values of predation of artificial and real nests were similar (s) or dissimilar (d) across treatments or if comparisons were ambiguous (a). Some articles included more than one set of data that could be compared; in those cases, multiple letters indicate the results of multiple comparisons. Those results without an asterisk lacked statistical analysis; those with an asterisk were achieved through statistical analysis.

Literature cited

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Ammon, E. M., and P. B. Stacey. 1997. Avian nest success in relation to past grazing regimes in a montane riparian system. Condor 99:7–13.

Balser, D. S., H. H. Dill, and H. K. Nelson. 1968. Effect of predator reduction on waterfowl nesting success. Journal of Wildlife Management 32:669–682.

Bechet, A., P. Isenmann, and R. Gaudin. 1998. Nest predation, temporal and spatial breeding strategy in the Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator in Mediterranean France. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 19:81–87.

Boag, D. A., S. G. Reebs, and M. A. Schroeder. 1984. Egg loss among spruce grouse inhabiting lodgepole pine forests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:1034–1037.

Buler, J. J. and R. B. Hamilton. 2000. Predation of natural and artificial nests in a southern pine forest. Auk 117:739–747.

Butler, M. A. and J. J. Rotella1998. Validity of using artificial nests to assess duck-nest success. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:163–171.

Byers, S. M. 1974. Predator-prey relationships on an Iowa waterfowl nesting area. Proceedings of the thirty-ninth North American wildlife conference,
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Chamberlain, D. E., B. J. Hatchwell, and C. M. Perrins. 1995. Spaced out nests and predators: an experiment to test the effects of habitat structure. Journal of Avian Biology 26:346–349.

Chesness, R. A., M. M. Nelson, and W. H. Longley. 1968. The effect of predator removal on pheasant reproductive success. Journal of Wildlife
Management 32:683–697.

Cresswell, W. 1997. Nest predation rates and nest detectability in different stages of breeding in Blackbirds Turdus merula. Journal of Avian Biology 28:296–302.

Davison, B. D. and E. Bollinger. 2000. Predation rates on real and grassland birds. Auk 117:147–153.

Dearborn, D. C. 1999. Brown-headed Cowbird nestling vocalizations and risk of nest predation. Auk 116:448–457.

Dion, N., K. A. Hobson, and S. Larviere. 1999. Effects of removing duck-nest predators on nesting success of grassland songbirds. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 77:1801–1806.

Dion, N., K. A. Hobson, and S. Lariviere. 2000. Interactive effects of vegetation and predators on the success of natural and simulated nests of grassland songbirds. Condor 102:629–634.

Dwernychuk, L. W., and D. A. Boag. 1972. How vegetative cover protects duck nests from egg-eating birds. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:955–958.

Erikstad, K. E., R. Blom, and S. Myrberget. 1982. Territorial hooded crows as predators on willow ptarmigan nests. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:109–114.

George, T. L. 1987. Greater land bird densities on island vs. Mainland: relation to nest predation level. Ecology 68:1393–1400.

Gotmark, F., R. Neergaard, and M. Ahlund. 1990. Predation of artificial and real arctic loon nests in sweden. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:429–432.

Gottfried, B. M. 1978. An experimental analysis of the interrelationship between nest density and predation in old-field habitats. Wilson Bulletin 90:643–646.

Guyn, K. L., and R. G. Clark. 1997. Cover characteristics and success of natural and artificial duck nests. Journal of Field Ornithology 68:33–41.

Hannon, S. J., and S. E. Cotterill. 1998. Nest predation in aspen woodlots in an agricultural area in Alberta: The enemy from within. Auk 115:16–25.

Hansson, B., S. Bensch, and D. Hasselquist. 2000. Patterns of nest predation contribute to polygyny in the Great Reed Warbler. Ecology 81:319–328.

Herranz, J., M. Yanes, and F. Suarez. 2002. Does photo-monitoring affect nest predation? Journal of Field Ornithology 73:97–101.

Kelly, J. P. 1993. The effect of nest predation on habitat selection by dusky flycatchers in limber pine-juniper woodland. Condor 95:83–93.

King, D. I., R. M. Degraaf, and C. R. Griffin. 1998. Edge-related nest predation in clearcut and groupcut stands. Conservation Biology 12:1412–1415.

King, D. I., R. M. DeGraaf, C. R. Griffin, and T. J. Maier. 1999. Do predation rates on artificial nests accurately reflect predation rates on natural bird nests? Journal of Field Ornithology 70:257–262.

King, D. I., and R. M. DeGraaf. 2000. Bird species diversity and nesting success in mature, clearcut and shelterwood forest in northern New Hampshire, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 129:227–235.

Komdeur, J., and R. K. H. Kats. 1999. Predation risk affects trade-off between nest guarding and foraging in Seychelles warblers. Behavioral Ecology 10:648–658.

MacIvor, L. H., S. M. Melvin, and C. R. Griffin. 1990. Effects of research activity on piping plover nest predation. Journal of Wildlife Management 54:443–447.

Major, R. E. 1990. The effect of human observers on the intensity of nest predation. Ibis 132:608-612.

Major, R. E., G. H. Pyke, M. T. Christy, G. Gowing, and R. S. Hill. 1994. Can nest predation explain the timing of the breeding season and the pattern of nest dispersion of new holland honeyeaters? Oikos 69:364–372.

Matthews, A., C. R. Dickman, and R. E. Major. 1999. The influence of fragment size and edge on nest predation in urban bushland. Ecography 22:349–356.

Moller, A. P. 1987. Egg predation as a selective factor for nest design: an experiment. Oikos 50:91–94.

Moller, A. P. 1990. Nest predation selects for small nest size in the blackbird. Oikos 57:237–240.

Niemuth, N. D., and M. S. Boyce. 1995. Spatial and temporal patterns of predation of simulated sage grouse nests at high and low nest densities: an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:819–825.

Niemuth, N. D., and M. S. Boyce. 1997. Edge-related nest losses in Wisconsin pine barrens. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1234–1239.

Nilsson, S. G., C. Bjorkman, P. Forslund, and J. Hoglund. 1985. Egg predation in forest bird communities on islands and mainland. Oecologia 66:511–515.

O'reilly, P., and S. J. Hannon. 1989. Predation of Simulated Willow Ptarmigan Nests - the Influence of Density and Cover On Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Predation. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 67:1263–1267.

Part, T., and J. Wretenberg. 2002. Do artificial nests reveal relative nest predation risk for real nests? Journal of Avian Biology 33:39–46.

Poysa, H., M. Milonoff, and J. Virtanen. 1997. Nest predation in hole-nesting birds in relation to habitat edge: An experiment. Ecography 20:329–335.

Roper, J. J. 1992. Nest Predation Experiments With Quail Eggs - Too Much to Swallow? Oikos 65:528–530.

Schmidt, K. A., J. R. Goheen, R. Naumann, R. S. Ostfeld, E. M. Schauber, and A. Berkowitz. 2001. Experimental removal of strong and weak predators: Mice and chipmunks preying on songbird nests. Ecology 82:2927–2936.

Schranck, B. W. 1972. Waterfowl nest cover and some predation relationships. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:182–186.

Sieving, K. E., and M. F. Willson. 1998. Nest predation and avian species diversity in northwestern forest understory. Ecology 79:2391–2402.

Sloan, S. S., R. T. Holmes, and T. W. Sherry. 1998. Depredation rates and predators at artificial bird nests in an unfragmented northern hardwoods forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:529–539.

Soderstrom, B., T. Part, and J. Ryden. 1998. Different nest predator faunas and nest predation risk on ground and shrub nests at forest ecotones: an experiment and a review. Oecologia 117:108–118.

Storaas, T. 1988. A comparison of losses in artificial and naturally occurring capercaillie nests. Journal of Wildlife Management 52:123–126.

Vaananen, V. M. 2000. Predation risk associated with nesting in gull colonies by two Aythya species: observations and an experimental test. Journal of Avian Biology 31:31–35.

Vander Haegen, W. M., M. A. Schroeder, and R. M. DeGraaf. 2002. Predation on real and artificial nests in shrubsteppe landscapes fragmented by agriculture. Condor 104:496–506.

Watts, B. D. 1987. Old nest accumulation as a possible protection mechanism against search-strategy predators. Animal Behaviour 35:1566–1568.

Weidinger, K. 2001. How well do predation rates on artificial nests estimate predation on natural passerine nests? Ibis 143:632–641.

Willebrand, T., and V. Marcstrom. 1988. On the Danger of Using Dummy Nests to Study Predation. Auk 105:378–379.

Wilson, G. R., M. C. Brittingham, and L. J. Goodrich. 1998. How well do artificial nests estimate success of real nests? Condor 100:357–364.

Winter, M., D. H. Johnson, and J. Faaborg. 2000. Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie. Condor 102:256–266.

 Yahner, R. H., and B. L. Cypher. 1987. Effects of nest location on depredation of artificial arboreal nests. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:178–181.

Yahner, R. H., and T. E. Morrell. 1991. Depredation of artificial avian nests in irrigated forests. Wilson Bulletin 103:113–117.

Yahner R. H., and C. A. DeLong.  1992. Avian predation and parasitism on artificial nests and eggs in two fragmented landscapes. Wilson Bulletin 104:162–168.

Zanette, L. 2002. What do artificial nests tell us about nest predation? Biological Conservation 103:323–329.


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