Ecological Archives E091-183-A3

Netta Klemola, Tommi Andersson, Kai Ruohomäki, and Tero Klemola. 2010. Experimental test of parasitism hypothesis for population cycles of a forest lepidopteran. Ecology 20:2507–2513.

Appendix C. Larval parasitoids reared from autumnal moths.

TABLE C1. Hymenopteran parasitoids reared from autumnal moth larvae in this study. The table shows parasitoid guild (early larval or late larval parasitoid), species, family, as well as type of the parasitoid [solitary (S), gregarious (G)]. All species are koinobionts, i.e., they allow the host larva to feed and continue its development until it is eventually killed.

Guild and species

Family

Type

Winter motha

Early larval parasitoids

Protapanteles anchisiades (Nixon)

Braconidae

S, Endoparasitoid

Yes

Cotesia salebrosa (Marshall)

Braconidae

S, Endoparasitoid

Yes

Phobocampe sp./spp. Försterb

Ichneumonidae

S, Endoparasitoid

Yes

Aleiodes cf. gastritor (Thunberg) agg.

Braconidae

S, Endoparasitoid

No

Late larval parasitoids

Eulophus larvarum (Linnaeus)

Eulophidae

G, Ectoparasitoid

Yes

Zele deceptor (Wesmael)

Braconidae

S, Endoparasitoid

No

Campoletis varians (Thomson)

Ichneumonidae

S, Endoparasitoid

No

Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst)c

Ichneumonidae

S, Endoparasitoid

Yesd

a   ‘Yes’: the species is known also for the winter moth in northern Fennoscandia (own observations and communications from Rolf A. Ims and Tino Schott at the University of Tromsø, Norway).

b   The most common, perhaps the only, species was probably Phobocampe tempestiva (Holmgren) (communications from Anu Veijalainen and Ilari E. Sääksjärvi at the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, Finland).

c   Larval-pupal parasitoid, i.e., females oviposit in host larvae but adults emerge from pupae.

d   Agrypon flaveolatum has not parasitized winter moths in our studies, but is known to do so in NW Norway (near Tromsø) and in other areas in Europe and North America.

 

TABLE C2. Frequency and percentage of larval parasitism by different hymenopteran parasitoids reared from autumnal moth larvae in the Kevo study area during  2002–2009 (see Fig. 1 in the body of the article).

Year

No. collected larvae

Parasitoid species/group

Frequency

%

2002

9

Protapanteles anchisiades

1

11.1

Aleiodes gastritor

1

11.1

2003

56

Cotesia salebrosa

1

1.8

Phobocampe sp./spp.

1

1.8

Eulophus larvarum

1

1.8

Zele deceptor

1

1.8

2004

64

Phobocampe sp./spp.

1

1.6

Eulophus larvarum

1

1.6

Campoletis varians

1

1.6

2005

112

Protapanteles anchisiades

6

5.4

Cotesia salebrosa

4

3.6

Phobocampe sp./spp.

4

3.6

Eulophus larvarum

5

4.5

Agrypon flaveolatum

5

4.5

2006

94

Protapanteles anchisiades

20

21.3

Cotesia salebrosa

6

6.4

Protapanteles anchisiades or Cotesia salebrosaa

19

20.2

Phobocampe sp./spp.

26

27.7

Aleiodes gastritor

4

4.3

Eulophus larvarum

6

6.4

 

Phobocampe sp./spp. + Eulophus larvarumb

1

1.1

Agrypon flaveolatum

1

1.1

2007

88

Cotesia salebrosa

1

1.1

Aleiodes gastritor

6

6.8

Eulophus larvarum

11

12.5

Agrypon flaveolatum

9

10.2

2008

19

Eulophus larvarum

3

15.8

Agrypon flaveolatum

6

31.6

2009

73

Protapanteles anchisiades or Cotesia salebrosaa

34

46.6

Phobocampe sp./spp.

14

19.2

Eulophus larvarum

1

1.4

a   Adults did not emerge (year 2006), or they will emerge not until summer 2010 (year 2009). Species identification could not be done with certainty when based on cocoon morphology only.

b   Multiparasitism
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