Ecological Archives M076-020-A1

Ülo Niinemets and Fernando Valladares. 2006. Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate Northern Hemisphere trees and shrubs. Ecological Monographs 76:521–547.

Appendix A. Shade, drought, and waterlogging tolerance for 806 species of woody plants from the temperate Northern hemisphere. As explained in the main article and Appendix B, tolerance scales range from 0 (no tolerance) to 5 (maximal tolerance). Standard errors (SE) are provided for tolerance estimates derived from two or more data sources. The region of origin and foliage physiognomy (logical fields, Y/N, “Evergreen” and “Gymnosperm”) of each species are also shown. Two columns for the region of species origin are necessary to classify species that are native in two continents and for intercontinental hybrids (Data set1 and Data set 2). Species nomenclature follows the latest version of W 3TROPICOS database (Missouri Botanical Garden 2005) along with the Flora of China Checklist ( http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/foc.html ). Microspecies that had been grouped together in the current analysis as aggregate species are also highlighted (logical field, Y/N, “Aggregate species”).

Species

Aggregate species

Data set 1

Data set 2

Evergreen

Gymnosperm

Shade tolerance

Drought tolerance

Waterlogging tolerance

Abelia × grandiflora (A. chinesis × A. uniflora)

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5

2

1

Abies alba

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

4.6±0.06

1.81±0.28

1.02±0.02

Abies amabilis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.21±0.37

0.83±0.17

1

Abies balsamea

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

5.01±0.09

1

2

Abies concolor

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.33±0.28

1.91±0.12

1.02±0.02

Abies firma

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.5

3

1

Abies fraseri

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

5±0

2

2

Abies grandis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.01±0.19

2.33±0.33

1.57±0.3

Abies homolepis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.5

2.5±0.5

1.5

Abies lasiocarpa

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.83±0.15

2.02±0.02

0.97±0.04

Abies magnifica

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.5±0.22

0.67±0.33

1

Abies mariesii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

5

2

2±0.5

Abies nordmanniana

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

4.5

1

1.5

Abies procera

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.45±0.42

2.5

1

Abies sibirica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.09±0.32

1.41±0.15

1.57±0.16

Abies veitchii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.5

2.5±0.5

2±0

Acacia rigidula

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

5

1

Acer barbatum

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.5

2.5±0.5

1

Acer buergerianum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2.75

1.53

Acer campestre

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.18±0.14

2.93±0.32

1.89±0.18

Acer carpinfolium

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.5

1

1.5

Acer circinatum

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.75±0.25

2

1

Acer ginnala

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Acer glabrum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.39±0.39

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Acer grandidentatum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3±0

2.63±0.13

1.27±0.27

Acer griseum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

1.53

1.53

Acer macrophyllum

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.14±0.14

2

2

Acer mono

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.25±0.25

2.67±0.33

1.5±0.5

Acer monspessulanum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66±0

4.31±0.41

1.04

Acer negundo

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.47±0.1

3.03±0.82

2.75±0.25

Acer nigrum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3±0

3.35±0.35

1.52±0.48

Acer opalus

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.48±0.1

3.72±0.17

1.04

Acer palmatum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.19±0.31

1.77±0.23

1.52±0.49

Acer pensylvanicum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.56±0.44

2

1

Acer platanoides

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4.2±0.37

2.73±0.16

1.46±0.23

Acer pseudoplatanus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.73±0.21

2.75±0.16

1.1±0.08

Acer rubrum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.44±0.23

1.84±0.16

3.08±0.28

Acer saccharinum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.6±0.31

2.88±0.12

3.37±0.22

Acer saccharum

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.76±0.11

2.25±0.25

1.09±0.08

Acer spicatum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.31±0.19

2

2

Acer tataricum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.48

3.37±0.32

1.47±0.06

Acer truncatum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2.75

1.53

Aesculus californica

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5±0.5

2.88±0.12

1.77±0.23

Aesculus flava

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.14±0.14

2

1.12±0.12

Aesculus glabra

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.49±0.3

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Aesculus hippocastanum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.43±0.27

2.82±0.15

1.39±0.17

Aesculus pavia

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2±0

2

Aesculus sylvatica

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.56±0.44

2

2

Aesculus turbinata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.5±0.29

2.17±0.17

3±0

Aesculus × carnea (A. hippocastaneum × A. pavia)

N

North America

Europe

N

N

3

2.75

1.53

Ailanthus altissima

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.44±0.44

2.96±0.12

1.52±0.27

Alangium platanifolium

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.09±0.42

2.5±0.5

1.5±0.5

Albizia julibrissin

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.17±0.17

4.47±0.47

1.52±0.48

Alnus formosana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5

2.5

2.5

Alnus glutinosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.71±0.5

2.22±0.66

3.9±0.2

Alnus hirsuta

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.25±0.25

2.5±0.5

2.67±0.33

Alnus incana

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.3±0.25

1.89±0.29

2.84±0.34

Alnus incana ssp. rugosa

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

2

2.85±0.25

Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.59±0.59

2.03±0.03

3.18±0.18

Alnus japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5±0.5

2

4±0

Alnus maximowiczii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1±0

2

3

Alnus metoporina

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

2

3

Alnus oblongifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

1

3

Alnus pendula

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.42±0.09

2

3

Alnus rhombifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

1

3.5

Alnus rubra

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.83±0.21

2.5

2.56±0.72

Alnus sieboldiana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5±0.5

1.75±0.25

3±0

Alnus viridis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.84±0.09

2.48±0.27

2.66±0.52

Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2

3

Amelanchier alnifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

3±0

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Amelanchier arborea

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.33±0.33

2.38±0.38

3.5±0.5

Amelanchier canadensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.86±0.14

2.52±0.52

1.39±0.39

Amelanchier laevis

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.06±0.06

3

3

Amelanchier ovalis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

4.72

2.5

Amelanchier utahensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5±0.5

4.47±0.47

1.02±0.02

Andromeda polifolia

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.2

0.53

4.27

Aralia elata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.67±0.17

3

1

Aralia spinosa

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.25±0.25

4

2

Arbutus menziesii

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3.32±0.34

3.83±0.17

1

Arbutus unedo

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

2.66

3.9

1.04

Arctostaphylos alpina

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.93±0

2.62±0.42

2.5

Arctostaphylos uva ursi

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.93±0

3.88±0.84

2.5

Ardisia sieboldii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4

2

1.5

Asimina triloba

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.95±0.05

2

1.37±0.13

Aucuba japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4.5±0

3

1.5±0.5

Berberis amurensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.75±0.25

3

1.75±0.25

Berberis thunbergii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

3.5

1.5±0.5

Berberis vulgaris

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.88

1.32±0.28

Betula alleghaniensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.17±0.16

3

2

Betula apoiensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1±0

2

2

Betula ermanii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.25±0.25

2

1.75±0.25

Betula grossa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

2

1.5

Betula humilis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

0.53

4.27

Betula lenta

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.58±0.28

3

1

Betula maximowicziana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.25±0.25

1.57

1.25±0.25

Betula nana

N

Europe

North America

N

N

1.56±0.19

0.11±0.42

4.27

Betula nigra

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.45±0.1

1.53±0.2

2.85±0.35

Betula occidentalis

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.28±0.55

1.27±0.27

2.63±0.37

Betula papyrifera

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.54±0.16

2.02±0.3

1.25±0.15

Betula pendula

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.03±0.09

1.85±0.21

1.67±0.12

Betula platyphylla

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.25±0.25

2.5

1.83±0.17

Betula populifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5±0.5

2.34±0.22

1

Betula pubescens

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.85±0.07

1.27±0.18

2.98±0.21

Betula pubescens ssp. carpatica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

2.21

1.04

Broussonetia kazinoki

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

4

1.5

Buddleja davidii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.56±0.19

3.46±0.42

1.04

Buxus sempervirens

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

4.05±0.13

3.88±0

1.04

Calluna vulgaris

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.56±0.19

2.21

3.19

Calocedrus decurrens

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.21±0.53

3.79±0.11

1.27±0.27

Camellia japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4±0.29

2

1±0

Caragana arborescens

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

4

1

Caragana frutex

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.5

2.5

1

Carpinus betulus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.97±0.12

2.66±0.16

1.65±0.06

Carpinus caroliniana

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.58±0.21

2.02±0.02

2.3±0.5

Carpinus cordata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.5±0

2

2.5±0.5

Carpinus laxiflora

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0.29

2

2

Carpinus tschonoskii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.83±0.44

3

1.5

Carya aquatica

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.95

2±0

4.25±0.22

Carya cordiformis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.07±0.07

4

2.5±0.5

Carya glabra

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.69±0.35

4±0

1.16±0.08

Carya illinoiensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.74±0.26

2

2.98±0.45

Carya laciniosa

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.42

2

1.48±0.36

Carya myristiciformis

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.71±0.71

2

2

Carya ovata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.4±0.29

3

1.38±0.08

Carya pallida

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.56

4

1

Carya tomentosa

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.2±0.48

3

1.26±0.11

Castanea crenata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2.5

1

Castanea dentata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.06±0.06

3

1

Castanea mollissima

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.67±0.33

2.63±0.13

1.27±0.27

Castanea pumila

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5

4

1

Castanea sativa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.15±0.23

3.46±0.18

1.32±0.28

Castanopsis cuspidata

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4.07±0.23

2.5±0.5

2

Castanopsis eyrei

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3

3

1.5

Castanopsis lamontii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4

2

2

Castanopsis sieboldii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4±0.29

3

2

Catalpa bignonioides

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.67±0.33

2.58±0.3

1.27±0.27

Catalpa speciosa

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.33±0.33

4.22±0.35

1.27±0.27

Cedrus deodara

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

2.59±0.41

3.85±0.15

1.02±0.02

Cedrus libani

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.35

2.75

1.03

Celtis laevigata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.31±0.58

3.56±0.3

2.73±0.27

Celtis occidentalis

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.17±0.17

3.85±0.15

2.65±0.16

Celtis tenuifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.56

4

1

Cephalanthus occidentalis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.75±1.25

3

4.92±0.08

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.34±0.34

1.53

2.14±0.37

Cercis canadensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

3±0

4.05±0.4

1.31±0.09

Cercis occidentalis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.09±0.09

3.35±0.35

1.03

Cercocarpus ledifolius

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.35

4.97±0.03

1.27±0.27

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.67±0.38

2.06±0.58

1.02±0.02

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.15±0.32

2

1.9±0.1

Chamaecyparis obtusa

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.38±0.13

2.88±0.13

1.52±0.49

Chamaecyparis thyoides

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.5±0.18

1±0

4.04±0.54

Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.88

1.04

Chamaecytisus supinus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

4.72

1.04

Chamaedaphne calyculata

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.93

0.53

4.27

Chamaespartium sagittale

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Chilopsis linearis

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.67±0.33

3.85±0.15

1.27±0.27

Chimaphila umbellata

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

3.38

3.88

1.77

Chionanthus virginicus

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.83±0.83

2.42±0.22

1.51±0.29

Chrysoplepis chrysophylla

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3

4

1

Cinnamomum camphora

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5±0.29

2.75±0.25

1.5

Citrus limon

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2

3

1

Citrus sinensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2

4

1

Citrus × paradisi (C. maxima × C. sinensis)

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2

3

1

Cladrastis lutea

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Clematis alpina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38

3.04

1.04

Clerodendrum trichotomum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.33±0.33

3

2

Clethra alnifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

3.5±0.5

Clethra barbinervis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

2.75±0.75

2.75±0.25

Cleyera japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5±0.29

2

1.75±0.25

Colutea arborescens

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38

3.88

1.02±0.02

Cornus alternifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

1.77±0.23

1.02±0.02

Cornus amomum

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

3±0

Cornus controversa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2±0.5

2.5±0.5

2±0

Cornus florida

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.87±0.12

2.92±0.08

1.1±0.06

Cornus kousa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

1.53

1.03

Cornus mas

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.68±0.33

3.17±0.42

1.77±0

Cornus nuttallii

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.5

2

1

Cornus racemosa

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

3

1.5±0.5

Cornus sanguinea

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.04

1.88±0.11

Cornus sericea

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.86±0.14

2.48±0.27

2.12±0.15

Coronilla emerus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

4.72

1.04

Corylus americana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.5±0.5

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Corylus avellana

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.53±0.23

3.04

1.68±0.09

Corylus colurna

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.35

3.13±0.37

1.53

Corylus cornuta

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Corylus heterophylla

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.5±0.5

2.75±0.25

1.75±0.25

Corylus sieboldiana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.5±0.5

2.5±0.5

2±0

Cotinus coggygria

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.74±0.14

1.04±0

Cotinus obovatus

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

3.69

1.03

Cotoneaster bullatus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.93

3.88

1.04

Cotoneaster horizontalis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.38

3.46

1.04

Cotoneaster integerrimus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

3.46±0

1.04

Cotoneaster integrifolius

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.46

1.04

Cotoneaster simonsii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2.66

3.04

1.04

Cotoneaster tomentosus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.46

1.04

Cowania mexicana

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.35

4.95

1.03

Crataegus chlorosarca

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

3

1

Crataegus crus galli

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.67±0.33

4.98±0.02

1.27±0.27

Crataegus laevigata agg.

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.45±0.28

2.9±0.15

1.1±0.08

Crataegus maximowiczii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

3

1

Crataegus monogyna agg.

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

3.46±0.42

1.68±0.09

Crataegus phaenopyrum

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.59±0.41

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Crataegus viridis

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.67±0.33

3.85±0.15

2.13±0.13

Crataegus × lavallei (C. stipulacea × C. crus galli)

N

North America

Europe

N

N

3.25±0.25

3.69

1.27±0.27

Cryptomeria japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

3.17±0.44

2.75±0.25

2±1

Cupressus arizonica

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.42±0.08

4.47±0.47

1.02±0.02

Cupressus sempervirens

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.35

4.95

1.03

Cydonia oblonga

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.77

Cytisus scoparius

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2±0

3.46±0.42

1.04

Daboecia cantabrica

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

3.04

3.19

Daphne alpina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Daphne cneorum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

2.66

3.88

1.77

Daphne kamtschatica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.17±0.44

2

1

Daphne laureola

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

2.66±0

3.46±0.42

1.04

Daphne mezereum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4.11±0

3.04±0

1.04

Daphne striata

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93

3.88

1.04

Daphniphyllum macropodum

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5±0.29

2.5±0.5

2.5±0.5

Diospyros virginiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.21±0.21

1.5±0.5

2.6±0.21

Distylium racemosum

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4.25±0.25

2

1.6±0.4

Dorycnium germanicum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

4.72

1.04

Dryas octopetala

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.02±0.09

3.88±0

2.5

Elaeagnus angustifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.35

4.47±0.47

1.52±0.48

Empetrum hermaphroditum

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.2

2.21

3.91

Empetrum nigrum

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.93±0

2.21±0

3.91

Erica ciliaris

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

1.37

3.91

Erica cinerea

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93±0

3.04±0

1.77

Erica erigena

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

0.53

2.83

Erica mackaiana

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

0.53

3.19

Erica tetralix

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2±0

0.53±0

3.19

Erica vagans

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

2.21

2.83

Eriobotrya japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.33±0.33

3.35±0.35

2.27

Euonymus alatus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.33±0.33

2

2

Euonymus americanus

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2.5

2

Euonymus europaeus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.02±0.19

3.04±0

2.11

Euonymus latifolius

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4.11

3.04

1.77

Euonymus oxyphyllus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.67±0.67

3

2

Euonymus sieboldianus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.75±0.25

3

2.5±0.5

Euonymus verrucosus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38

3.04

1.77

Eurya japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.83±0.17

2.5±0.5

1.5

Fagus crenata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

5±0

1.75

1.75±0.25

Fagus engleriana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.5

1

1.2

Fagus grandifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.75±0.14

1.5±0.32

1.5±0.06

Fagus hayatae

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.5

1.5

1

Fagus japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.5

2

1.5±0.5

Fagus longipetiolata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4.5

1.5

1.2

Fagus lucida

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

4

1

1.2

Fagus orientalis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4.2

2.7

1

Fagus sylvatica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4.56±0.11

2.4±0.43

1.02±0.01

Forestiera acuminata

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2

4.89±0.11

Frangula alnus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66±0

1.37±0

3.19±0

Fraxinus americana

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.46±0.21

2.38±0.38

2.59±0.18

Fraxinus anomala

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.17±0.17

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Fraxinus caroliniana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.5

2±0

5±0

Fraxinus excelsior

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66±0.13

2.5±0.25

2.7±0.3

Fraxinus lanuginosa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.25±0.25

2.5±0.5

2

Fraxinus latifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

3

Fraxinus mandshurica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.75±0.75

1.75±0.25

3.25±0.25

Fraxinus nigra

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.96±0.43

2

3.5

Fraxinus ornus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.02±0.38

4.31±0.41

2.5

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.11±0.11

3.85±0.15

2.98±0.25

Fraxinus platypoda

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2

3

Fraxinus profunda

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

5±0

Fraxinus quadrangulata

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.84±0.34

2.75

1.53

Fraxinus velutina

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5±0.5

3.35±0.35

1.77±0.23

Fumana procumbens

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

4.72

1.04

Gardenia jasminoides

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2.5

2

1

Gaultheria shallon

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3

2

2.5

Genista anglica

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2±0

3.46±0.42

1.77

Genista germanica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.88

1.77

Genista pilosa

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.56±0.19

3.46±0.42

1.41

Genista tinctoria

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

3.88±0

1.77

Ginkgo biloba

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

Y

1.34±0.33

3.99±0.47

1.13±0.27

Gleditsia aquatica

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

2

4.38±0.3

Gleditsia triacanthos

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.61±0.2

4.98±0.02

2.69±0.25

Gordonia lasianthus

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3

2±0

4.07±0.93

Gymnocladus dioica

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5±0.5

3.69

1.14±0.11

Halesia carolina

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.11

2±0

3

Hamamelis virginiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

1.5±0.5

Helianthemum alpestre

Y

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.22

3.88

1.04

Helianthemum apenninum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.22±0

4.72±0

1.04

Helianthemum canum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.22±0

4.72±0

1.04

Helianthemum nummularium

Y

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.56±0.21

4.2±0.2

1.04

Heteromeles arbutifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.5

4.5

1

Hibiscus rosa sinensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

1

3

2

Hippophae rhamnoides

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

3.46±0.42

1.88±0.11

Hydrangea macrophylla

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.92±0.58

3

3

Hydrangea paniculata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.33±0.33

3

2

Hyssopus officinalis

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

4.72

1.04

Ilex aquifolium

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

3.86±0.19

3.04±0

1.39±0.39

Ilex cassine

N

North America

North America

Y

N

4

2.5±0.5

4

Ilex cornuta

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3±1

3

2

Ilex decidua

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2

2.8±0.21

Ilex opaca

N

North America

North America

Y

N

4.28±0.37

2.92±0.08

1.93±0.11

Ilex verticillata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

3.6±0.54

Ilex vomitoria

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

4.5±0.5

1

Illicium anisatum

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.83±0.17

2.5

2

Itea virginica

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2

4.5±0.5

Juglans ailanthifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.75±0.75

2

2

Juglans cinerea

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.88±0.21

2.38±0.38

1.27±0.27

Juglans major

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.35

4.95

1.77±0.23

Juglans nigra

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.93±0.25

2.38±0.38

1.83±0.27

Juglans regia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.27±0.24

2.98±0.22

1.42±0.09

Juniperus chinensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1.35

4.97±0.03

1.02±0.02

Juniperus communis

N

Europe

North America

Y

Y

1.71±0.52

4.41±0.59

2.07±0.07

Juniperus deppeana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2

5

1

Juniperus monosperma

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2

5

1

Juniperus occidentalis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.67±0.16

5

1

Juniperus osteosperma

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.84±0.16

4.97±0.03

1.02±0.02

Juniperus sabina

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.93

4.72

1.04

Juniperus scopulorum

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.48±0.27

4.97±0.03

1.02±0.02

Juniperus sibirica

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.2

4.07±0.19

2.14

Juniperus silicicola

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.5

5±0

1.5

Juniperus virginiana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.28±0.09

4.65±0.33

1.19±0.12

Kalmia angustifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.61±0.28

1.68±0.22

2.75±0.18

Kalmia latifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

4.5

1±0

Kalopanax pictus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

2.75±0.25

1.5±0.5

Koelreuteria paniculata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.09±0.09

4.47±0.47

1.27±0.27

Laburnum × watereri (L. alpinum × L. anagyroides )

N

North America

Europe

N

N

1.17±0.17

2.38±0.38

1.53

Laburnum alpinum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1

2

2

Laburnum anagyroides

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

3

1.5

Lagerstroemia indica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Larix decidua

N

Europe

Europe

N

Y

1.46±0.29

2.31±0.55

1.1±0.08

Larix gmelinii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

Y

1.23

2.3

3.11

Larix kaempferi

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

Y

1.38±0.21

3±1

1.58±0.43

Larix laricina

N

North America

North America

N

Y

0.98±0.09

2

3

Larix lyallii

N

North America

North America

N

Y

1±0

3

1

Larix occidentalis

N

North America

North America

N

Y

1.35±0.23

2.42±0.08

1

Larix sibirica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

Y

1.35±0.15

1.63±0.26

1.92±0.15

Larix × eurolepis (L. decidua × L. kaempferi)

N

East Asia

Europe

N

Y

1.5

2.5

1

Larix × marschlinsii (L. sibirica × L. kaempferi)

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

Y

1.56

2.21

1.04

Ledum palustre

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

2.66

0.53

4.27

Lembotropis nigricans

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.88

1.04

Leucothoe grayana

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3±0

3.25±0.75

2.5±0.5

Ligustrum lucidum

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5±0

2.5

2

Ligustrum ovalifolium

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.93±0.01

3.04

1.41

Ligustrum vulgare

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.29±0.19

3.46±0.42

1.88±0.11

Lindera benzoin

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

3±0

Lindera umbellata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.88±0.63

3

2.75±0.25

Linnaea borealis

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

3.38±0

3.04±0

1.77

Liquidambar styraciflua

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.59±0.14

2.92±0.08

2.69±0.14

Liriodendron tulipifera

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.07±0.27

2.6±0.3

1.3±0.12

Lithocarpus densiflorus

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3.67±0.33

4

1

Loiseleuria procumbens

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.02±0.09

3.88±0

1.04

Lonicera alpigena

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.75

2.21

1.77

Lonicera caerulea

N

Europe

North America

N

N

3.38

1.37

3.19

Lonicera nigra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.75

3.04

2.5

Lonicera xylosteum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38±0

3.04±0

1.88±0.11

Lycium barbarum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.93±0

3.04±0

1.77

Lycium chinense

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.93

3.04

2.14

Maclura pomifera

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.45±0.29

4.22±0.35

1.27±0.27

Magnolia acuminata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.03±0.03

1.27±0.27

1.52±0.48

Magnolia ashei

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2±0

2

Magnolia denudata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

2

1.5

Magnolia fraseri

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.06±0.06

2±0

1

Magnolia grandiflora

N

North America

North America

Y

N

4.5±0.5

2.88±0.12

1.41±0.39

Magnolia kobus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2.88±0.12

2.5

Magnolia liliflora

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5

2.5

1

Magnolia macrophylla

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.11

1

1

Magnolia obovata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

2

2

Magnolia stellata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

1.77±0.23

3

Magnolia tripetala

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.06±0.06

2

1

Magnolia virginiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3±0

1.5±0.5

3.65±0.44

Magnolia X loebneri (M. kobus × M. stellata)

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

1.53

1.03

Magnolia X soulangeana (M. denudata × M. liliflora)

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

1.77±0.23

1.02±0.02

Mahonia aquifolium

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3.24±0.24

3.94±0.06

1.45±0.05

Mallotus japonicus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

3.5

1

Malus angustifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2.5

1

Malus domestica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.04

1.04

Malus pumila

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.17

3.13±0.37

1.52±0.02

Malus sieboldii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

3

1

Malus sylvestris

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.32±0.2

3.16±0.18

1.68±0.09

Melia azedarach

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2.85±0.85

1.77±0.23

Mespilus germanica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.88

1.04

Metasequoia glyptostroboides

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

Y

3

2.38±0.38

1.52±0.48

Morus alba

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Morus bombycis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.76

3

1.5

Morus rubra

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.34±0.16

2.88±0.12

1.57±0.16

Myrica californica

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

2

2

Myrica cerifera

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2

3±0

3.5±0.5

Myrica gale

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.2±0

0.53±0

4.27

Myricaria germanica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

1.37

2.5

Nyssa aquatica

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.47±0.53

1±0

5±0

Nyssa biflora

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

1

5±0

Nyssa ogeche

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2

4.84±0.16

Nyssa sylvatica

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.52±0.28

2±0

1.87±0.2

Ostrya carpinifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.94±0.18

3.07±0.17

1.41

Ostrya japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

3

2

Ostrya knowltonii

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.83

3.69

1.03

Ostrya virginiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

4.58±0.21

3.25±0.38

1.07±0.06

Oxydendrum arboreum

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.7±0.35

3±0

1.12±0.12

Pachysandra terminalis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.92±0.09

2

1

Paulownia tomentosa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

3

1

Persea borbonia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

4

2

3.57±0.43

Persea japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4.25±0.25

2

1

Persea thunbergii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.35±0.15

3

1

Phellodendron amurense

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.67±0.33

4.1±0.5

2.27

Photinia pyrifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

2

3±0

Physocarpus opulifolius

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

4

1±0

Picea abies

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

4.45±0.5

1.75±0.41

1.22±0.12

Picea breweriana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.76±0.24

1.83±0.17

1

Picea engelmannii

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.53±0.07

2.58±0.3

1.02±0.02

Picea glauca

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.15±0.17

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Picea glehnii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4±0.29

2.5

2.5±0.5

Picea jezoensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.25±0.25

2

1

Picea mariana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.08±0.18

2

2

Picea obovata

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

3.82

1.86

2.07

Picea omorika

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

4.65

2.75

1.03

Picea pungens

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.54±0.32

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Picea rubens

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.39±0.39

2.5

2

Picea sitchensis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.85±0.36

1.52±0.15

1.99±0.22

Pinus albicaulis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1

5

1

Pinus aristata

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.25±0.25

4.97±0.03

1.02±0.02

Pinus attenuata

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.5

3

1

Pinus balfouriana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1

5

1

Pinus banksiana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.36±0.33

4

1

Pinus bungeana

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Pinus cembra

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

2.87±0.3

3.01±0.43

1.04

Pinus clausa

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.21

2.25±0.25

2.5

Pinus contorta ssp. contorta

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.73±0.24

4.04±0.38

2.7±0.4

Pinus contorta ssp. latifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.48

4.21±0.38

2±0.5

Pinus coulteri

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.5

3.5

2

Pinus densiflora

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1.35

3.38±0.63

1.03

Pinus echinata

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.86±0.36

4

1.16±0.08

Pinus edulis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.44±0.05

4.97±0.03

1.02±0.02

Pinus elliotti

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.65±0.32

3.5

2.57±0.57

Pinus flexilis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.56±0.15

4.72±0.22

1.02±0.02

Pinus glabra

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.5

2.5±0.5

3.09±0.91

Pinus halepensis

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.35

4.97±0.03

0.95±0.05

Pinus jeffreyi

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.74±0.26

4.17±0.17

0.95±0.05

Pinus koraiensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

2

3

1.5

Pinus lambertiana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.66±0.14

2.67±0.33

1

Pinus monophylla

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.17±0.17

4.97±0.03

1.02±0.02

Pinus monticola

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.97±0.02

2.42±0.22

1.02±0.02

Pinus mugo

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.72±0.18

4.23±0.47

1.03±0.01

Pinus muricata

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2

2

1

Pinus nigra

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

2.1±0.43

4.38±0.47

1.39±0.38

Pinus palustris

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

0.87±0.13

4.75±0.25

2

Pinus parviflora

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1.68±0.33

3.38±0.63

1.03

Pinus ponderosa

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.64±0.15

4.32±0.32

1.02±0.02

Pinus radiata

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.97±0.03

3

1

Pinus resinosa

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.89±0.21

3

1

Pinus rigida

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.99±0.51

4

2

Pinus sabiniana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1

4.5

1

Pinus serotina

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.47

3

3.5±0.4

Pinus sibirica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1.93

3.13

3.32

Pinus strobiformis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.35

2.88±0.12

1.52±0.48

Pinus strobus

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.21±0.2

2.29±0.38

1.03±0.02

Pinus sylvestris

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.67±0.33

4.34±0.47

2.63±0.08

Pinus taeda

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.99±0.51

4.5±0.5

1.08±0.08

Pinus thunbergii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1.35

4.03±0.18

1.02±0.02

Pinus uncinata

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

1.2

3.88

1.77

Pinus virginiana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

1.99±0.51

4

1.5

Pinus wallichiana

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

1.35

2.75

1.03

Pistacia chinensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

4.95

1.53

Pistacia vera

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.17±0.17

4.95

1.53

Pittosporum tobira

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2.75±0.25

4

1

Planera aquatica

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2±0

4.89±0.11

Platanus occidentalis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.86±0.16

2.25±0.25

2.71±0.15

Platanus orientalis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3

3.5

2

Platanus × acerifolia (P. orientalis × P. occidentalis)

N

North America

Europe

Y

N

3

3.35±0.35

2.63±0.37

Polygala chamaebuxus

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

2.66

2.21

1.04

Populus alba

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.3±0.25

2.67±0.23

1.84±0.07

Populus angustifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.35

1.77±0.23

2.63±0.37

Populus balsamifera

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.27±0.14

1.77±0.23

2.63±0.37

Populus deltoides

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.76±0.38

1.57±0.23

3.03±0.27

Populus fremontii

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.35

2.88±0.12

2.63±0.37

Populus grandidentata

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.21±0.27

2.5

2

Populus heterophylla

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.24±0.24

2

4

Populus maximowiczii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1±0

2

2.75±0.25

Populus nigra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.46±0.09

2.2±0.38

3.7±0.3

Populus sargentii

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2

3.48±0.28

Populus sieboldii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1±0

2.75±0.25

1.5

Populus tremula

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.22±0.07

2.85±0.25

2.07±0.04

Populus tremuloides

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.21±0.18

1.77±0.23

1.77±0.23

Populus trichocarpa

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.27±0.27

1.77±0.23

1.35±0.26

Populus × acuminata (P. angustifolia × . P. deltoides)

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.85

2

3

Populus × canadensis (P. deltoides × P. nigra)

N

North America

Europe

N

N

1.67±0.33

1.77±0.23

2.13±0.13

Populus × canescens (P. alba × P. tremula)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

2.21

1.77

Prosopis juliflora

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.17±0.17

4.95

1.03

Prunus armeniaca

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.35

2.75

1.03

Prunus avium

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.33±0.33

2.66±0.22

1.19±0.17

Prunus caroliniana

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.5

3

1

Prunus cerasifera

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.45±0.28

2.9±0.15

1.77

Prunus cerasus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66±0

3.11±0.43

1.04±0

Prunus domestica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

2.9±0.15

1.02±0.01

Prunus fruticosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.47±0.28

4.31±0.41

1.41

Prunus glandulosa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

3

1

Prunus ilicifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2

3.5

1.5

Prunus japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3±0.5

2

1.1

Prunus laurocerasus

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

4.11

2.21

1.41

Prunus lusitanica

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

2.5

3.5

1

Prunus maackii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

2

1.5

Prunus mahaleb

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.29±0.38

4.31±0.41

1.2±0.2

Prunus mume

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

2.5

1.1

Prunus padus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.26±0.09

1.93±0.1

3.19±0

Prunus persica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.67±0.33

2.38±0.38

1.02±0.02

Prunus pumila

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5±0.5

3

1

Prunus sargentii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.13±0.09

2.88±0.12

1.62±0.39

Prunus serotina

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.46±0.34

3.02±0.02

1.06±0.06

Prunus serrulata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.34±0.16

2.75

1.43

Prunus spinosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.86±0.44

3.46±0.42

1.68±0.09

Prunus ssiori

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

2

1.5±0.5

Prunus subhirtella

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.09±0.09

2.38±0.38

1.32±0.02

Prunus tomentosa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

3

1

Prunus umbellata

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

2

1

Prunus virginiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.59±0.41

2.88±0.12

1.11±0.15

Prunus × incam (P. incisa × P. campanulata)

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

2.5

1.3

Prunus × yedoensis (P. serrulata × P. subhirtella)

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.17

2.88±0.12

1.22±0.02

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.5

4

1

Pseudotsuga menziesii

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

2.78±0.18

2.62±0.41

1.79±0.12

Ptelea trifoliata

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.59±0.41

2.58±0.3

1.52±0.48

Pterocarya rhoifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.25±0.25

1.75±0.25

2.25±0.25

Pterostyrax hispida

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

2±0.5

2±0.5

Pyrus calleryana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

4.47±0.47

1.77±0.23

Pyrus communis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.72±0.23

2.73±0.38

1.15±0.11

Pyrus cordata

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.04

2.14

Pyrus pyraster

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.26±0.42

3.31±0.59

1.77

Pyrus ussuriensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.09±0.09

3.35±0.35

1.27±0.27

Quercus acuta

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.33±0.44

3.5

1.5

Quercus acutissima

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.3±0.2

3.99±0.49

1.64±0.37

Quercus agrifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2

5

1

Quercus alba

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.85±0.17

3.56±0.3

1.43±0.14

Quercus aliena

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.85±0.35

3±0.5

1.75±0.25

Quercus austrina

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

5

1

Quercus bicolor

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.98±0.02

3.35±0.35

2.58±0.28

Quercus cerris

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.55±0.11

4.29±0.21

1.29±0.25

Quercus chapmanii

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

5

1

Quercus chrysolepis

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5±0.5

5

1

Quercus coccinea

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.07±0.2

4

1

Quercus crispula

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.25±0.25

3

2.13±0.38

Quercus dentata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5

3.75±0.25

1±0

Quercus douglasii

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

5

1

Quercus dumosa

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2

5

1

Quercus emoryi

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3

4

1

Quercus falcata

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5

5

1.65±0.32

Quercus gambelii

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.09±0.09

4.97±0.03

1.27±0.27

Quercus garryana

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.4±0.3

5±0

2

Quercus gilva

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.4±0.38

2.7

2.5

Quercus glauca

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.25±0.25

4

1.5

Quercus ilex

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

3.02±0.19

4.72±0

1.04

Quercus imbricaria

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.09±0.09

3.85±0.15

2.43±0.21

Quercus incana

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

4.5±0.5

1.5

Quercus kelloggii

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.55

4.33±0.33

1

Quercus laevis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

5±0

1

Quercus laurifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.34±0.34

3±0

2.59±0.41

Quercus lobata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3±0

3

1

Quercus lyrata

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.97±0.03

1

4.58±0.27

Quercus macrocarpa

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.71±0.27

3.85±0.15

1.82±0.15

Quercus marilandica

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

4

1

Quercus muehlenbergii

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.22±0.44

4.97±0.03

1.26±0.15

Quercus multinervis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

2.7

3

1.5

Quercus myrtifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.5

4.5±0.5

1

Quercus nigra

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.24±0.76

3±0

2.47±0.53

Quercus nuttallii

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.24±0.76

1

3.94±0.45

Quercus pagoda

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.24±0.76

2.5

2.09±0.09

Quercus palustris

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.49±0.51

2.38±0.38

3.49±0.17

Quercus petraea

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.73±0.27

3.02±0.15

1.2±0.2

Quercus phellos

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

1

2.89±0.44

Quercus prinus

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.85±0.18

3.5±0.5

1

Quercus pubescens

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.31±0.22

4.1±0.25

1.39±0.39

Quercus robur

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.45±0.28

2.95±0.31

1.89±0.18

Quercus rubra

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.75±0.18

2.88±0.12

1.12±0.06

Quercus salicina

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5±0

3.5

1

Quercus serrata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

3

1.75±0.25

Quercus sessilifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.35±0.15

3

1.5±0.5

Quercus shumardii

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.35±0.22

4.65±0.33

1.49±0.26

Quercus stellata

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.16±0.45

4.5

1.5±0.25

Quercus turbinella

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.17

4.97±0.03

1.53

Quercus variabilis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

3

1

Quercus velutina

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.72±0.22

3

1.07±0.09

Quercus virginiana

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.24±0.76

4.5

2.59±0.41

Quercus wislizeni

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

4

1.5

Quercus × bebbiana (Q. alba × Q. macrocarpa)

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

3.5

2

Quercus × pauciloba (Q. gambelii × Q. turbinella)

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.17

4.95

1.53

Quercus × runcinata (Q. imbricaria × Q. rubra)

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5

3.5

1.5

Rhamnus alpina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.88

1.04

Rhamnus cathartica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

3.46±0.42

2.25±0.26

Rhamnus pumila

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

4.72

1.77

Rhamnus purshiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

3

1

Rhamnus saxatilis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

4.72

1.77

Rhododendron canadense

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2

1

Rhododendron catwbiense

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3.5

2.5

2

Rhododendron dauricum

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.5

2

2

Rhododendron ferrugineum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93

3.04

1.77

Rhododendron hirsutum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93

3.88

1.04

Rhododendron lapponicum

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.93

3.88

2.14

Rhododendron macrophyllum

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3

1

1

Rhododendron maximum

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3.5

3

2

Rhododendron obtusum

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3

2.5±0.5

1

Rhododendron occidentale

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

1

1

Rhododendron periclymenoides

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

3

3.5±0.5

Rhododendron ponticum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

3.38

3.04

2

Rhododendron viscosum

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

3

3.5±0.5

Rhododendron × intermedium (R. hirsutum × R. ferrugineum)

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93

3.04

1.04

Rhodothamnus chamaecistus

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

2.66

3.04

1.04

Rhus copallina

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

3

3

Rhus glabra

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.78±0.22

3

1

Rhus javanica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.75±0.25

3.5

1

Rhus trichocarpa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.17±0.34

3.5±0.5

1.5±0.5

Rhus typhina

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.56

4

1

Ribes alpinum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38±0

3.04

1.77

Ribes nigrum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.75±0.19

1.37±0.84

2.83

Ribes petraeum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38

3.04

1.04

Ribes rubrum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38±0

1.79±0.42

1.77

Ribes spicatum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.75±0.19

1.79±0.42

1.77

Ribes uva crispa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.5±0.5

3.04

1.77

Robinia neomexicana

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.35

4.47±0.47

1.77±0.23

Robinia pseudoacacia

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.72±0.25

4.11±0.65

1.07±0.08

Robinia × ambigua (R. pseudoacacia × R. viscosa)

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.35

4.47±0.47

1.03

Rosa abietina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Rosa acicularis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5

3

1

Rosa agrestis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

4.72±0

1.04

Rosa arkansana

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

3.5

2

Rosa arvensis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66±0

3.46±0.42

1.04

Rosa blanda

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2.5

2.5

Rosa californica

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

3

2

Rosa canina

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0.38

3.46±0.42

1.77

Rosa carolina

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

3.5

1

Rosa ciezielskii

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

4

1

Rosa coriifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

4.72±0

1.04

Rosa corymbifera

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Rosa davurica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

3.5

1

Rosa elliptica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

4.72

1.04

Rosa gallica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.88

1.04

Rosa hybrida

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1

4

1

Rosa jundzillii

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

4.72

1.04

Rosa majalis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.5

3.04

1.77

Rosa micrantha

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0.38

4.72±0

1.04

Rosa obtusifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

3.88±0

1.04

Rosa pendulina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.04

1.04

Rosa pimpinellifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

4.3±0.42

1.77

Rosa rubiginosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

4.5±0

1.04

Rosa rubrifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Rosa rugosa

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.2

4

2

Rosa scabriuscula

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

4.72

1.04

Rosa sherardii

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.04

1.04

Rosa stylosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.56±0.19

3.88±0

1.04

Rosa subcanina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Rosa subcollina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

4.72

1.04

Rosa tomentosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.56±0.19

3.88±0

1.04

Rosa villosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.5±0.3

3.88±0.84

1.04

Rosa virginiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

4

1

Rosa vosagiaca

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.04

1.77

Rubus allegheniensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5±0.4

4

2

Rubus alumnus

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

3

1

Rubus caesius

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.29±0.19

3.04

2.5

Rubus idaeus

N

Europe

North America

N

N

2.66±0

3.04

2.5

Rubus mesogaeus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.25±0.75

2.5

2

Rubus phoenicolasius

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.83±0.17

2.5

1

Rubus spectabilis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.86±0.14

2.6±0.4

2.75±0.25

Sabal palmetto

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2

4±0

3

Salix alba

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.99±0.18

2±0.21

4.1±0.03

Salix alpina

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

0.84

2.21

3.91

Salix amygdaloides

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.17±0.17

1.77±0.23

3.43±0.07

Salix appendiculata

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

2.21

2.84±0.34

Salix arbuscula

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.04

3.91

Salix aurita

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

0.53±0

4.27

Salix babylonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

1.77±0.23

3.43

Salix bebbiana

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

1

3

Salix caprea

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.16±0.08

2.24±0.23

2.84±0.34

Salix caroliniana

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2±0

4

Salix cinerea

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

0.11±0.42

4.13±0.15

Salix daphnoides

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

1.37

3.95±0.03

Salix discolor

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.5

2

4±0

Salix eleagnos

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

1.37

3.95±0.03

Salix foetida

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

1.37

3.91

Salix fragilis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.42±0.18

1.23±0.39

3.94±0.02

Salix glabra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

1.37

3.91

Salix hastata

N

Europe

North America

N

N

1.93

2.21

3.91

Salix herbacea

N

Europe

North America

N

N

1.56±0.19

2.21±0.84

3.91

Salix hultenii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.5

1.5

3

Salix integra

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.33±0.33

2

4

Salix jessoensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1±0

1.25

4.5±0.25

Salix lanata

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

2.21

3.91

Salix lapponum

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

2.21

4.27

Salix matsudana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

1.77±0.23

3.5±0.25

Salix myrsinifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.29±0.19

0.95±0.42

3.95±0.03

Salix myrsinites

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.04

3.91

Salix myrtilloides

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

0.53

3.91

Salix nigra

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.34±0.12

1.77±0.23

4.68±0.17

Salix pentandra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

0.53±0

3.95±0.03

Salix phylicifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

0.53

4.27

Salix purpurea

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2±0

1.37±0

3.55±0.37

Salix repens

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.02±0.18

1.79±0.42

4.09±0.18

Salix reticulata

N

Europe

North America

N

N

1.56±0.19

2.21±0

3.91

Salix retusa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

2.21

3.91

Salix rosmarinifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

0.53

3.91

Salix sachalinensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1

1.5

4

Salix scouleriana

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

3

4

Salix serpyllifolia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.88

3.91

Salix sitchensis

N

North America

North America

N

N

1

1

4.5

Salix starkeana

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

1.37

3.91

Salix subfragilis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1

1.75±0.25

4

Salix triandra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

0.9±0.3

3.9±0.15

Salix udensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1±0

1.5

4

Salix viminalis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

0.53±0

3.9±0.15

Salix waldsteiniana

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

2.21

3.91

Salix × rubens (S. alba × S. fragilis)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38

0.53

3.91

Sambucus cerulea

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.35

2.88±0.12

2.63±0.37

Sambucus ebulus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.04

2.5

Sambucus nigra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.29±0.19

3.04±0

1.68±0.09

Sambucus racemosa

N

Europe

North America

N

N

2.66±0

3.04±0

2.5

Sambucus sieboldiana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.59±0.42

2

3

Sassafras albidum

N

North America

North America

N

N

1.68±0.16

5±0

1.11±0.08

Sequoia sempervirens

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.21±0.21

2

0.95±0.05

Sequoiadendron giganteum

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.05±0.24

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Shepherdia argentea

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.12±0.62

4

1

Sideroxylon celastrinum

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.5

3.5

3

Sideroxylon reclinatum

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

3±0

3.5

Skimmia japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

4.28±0.28

2

1.5±0.5

Sophora japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3

2.75

1.53

Sorbaria sorbifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

2

2

Sorbus alnifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.13±0.13

2.05

2

Sorbus americana

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.59±0.41

1.77±0.23

1.27±0.23

Sorbus aria

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

3±0.16

3.55±0.12

1.32±0.28

Sorbus arranensis (S. aucuparia × S. rupicola)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.88

1.04

Sorbus aucuparia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.73±0.21

2.11±0.34

1.76±0.13

Sorbus bristolensis (S. rupicola × . S. torminalis)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.88

1.04

Sorbus chamaemespilus

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.88

1.04

Sorbus commixta

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0

2

1.5±0.5

Sorbus danubialis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.88

1.04

Sorbus domestica

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.53±0.18

3.52±0.26

1.04

Sorbus intermedia

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66±0

2.21

1.04

Sorbus lancastriensis (S. aria × S. rupicola)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Sorbus mougeotii (S. aucuparia × S. aria)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Sorbus rupicola

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.2

3.88

1.04

Sorbus scopulina

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.59±0.41

2.38±0.38

1.27±0.23

Sorbus torminalis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.38±0.2

3.74±0.13

1.04

Spiraea salicifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.93

2.21

3.35±0.16

Staphylea pinnata

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93

3.04

1.04

Stewartia malacodendron

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2.5±0.5

1

Styrax americanus

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5

2.5

1.5

Styrax grandifolius

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

2

1.5

Styrax japonicus

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

2.5

2.5

Styrax obassis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5

2

2

Swietenia mahagoni

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

4

1

Symphoricarpos albus

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.24±0.24

3.02±0.02

1.02±0.02

Symphoricarpos oreophilus

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.14±0.14

3.5

1

Symplocos chinensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.67±0.67

3

1.5±0.5

Symplocos tinctoria

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2.5

2.5±0.5

2

Syringa reticulata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

2.38±0.38

2.27±0.74

Syringa vulgaris

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

2.66

3.04

1.02±0.02

Tamarix ramosissima

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

4.1±0.3

3.36

Taxodium distichum

N

North America

North America

N

Y

2.13±0.06

3.25±0.38

4.93±0.06

Taxus baccata

N

Europe

Europe

Y

Y

4.43±0.13

3.01±0.17

1.32±0.28

Taxus brevifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.86±0.14

2.5

1

Thuja occidentalis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

3.45±0.4

2.71±0.38

1.46±0.48

Thuja orientalis

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

2.17

2.88±0.12

1.02±0.02

Thuja plicata

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.73±0.15

2.23±0.25

1.01±0.04

Thymus serpyllum

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.56±0.19

4.72±0

1.04

Tilia americana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.98±0.15

2.88±0.12

1.26±0.15

Tilia caroliniana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.25±0.25

2±0

1±0

Tilia cordata

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4.18±0.16

2.75±0.15

1.83±0.16

Tilia euchlora

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3

2.75

1.27±0.27

Tilia heterophylla

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.77±0.65

2

1.12±0.12

Tilia japonica

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.75±0.25

2.5

2±0

Tilia maximowicziana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.75±0.25

2.5

2±0

Tilia platyphyllos

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

4±0.2

2.52±0.16

1.02±0.02

Tilia tomentosa

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.34±0.34

2.81±0.12

1.52±0.25

Tilia × vulgaris (T. cordata × T. platyphyllos)

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.49

3.04

1.77

Torreya californica

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

5

2

1

Torreya taxifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.5

2±0

1

Trochodendron aralioides

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

N

3.6±0.1

2.5

1.75±0.25

Tsuga canadensis

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.83±0.14

1

1.25±0.25

Tsuga heterophylla

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.96±0.07

1.17±0.17

0.95±0.05

Tsuga mertensiana

N

North America

North America

Y

Y

4.48±0.03

1±0

0.95±0.05

Tsuga sieboldii

N

East Asia

East Asia

Y

Y

4.25±0.25

3±1

1.5±0.5

Ulex europaeus

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93±0

3.04±0

1.77

Ulex gallii

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.93

2.21

2.5

Ulex minor

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2

2.21

2.5

Ulmus alata

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.03±0.08

3.5±0.5

1.71±0.36

Ulmus americana

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.14±0.12

2.92±0.08

2.46±0.26

Ulmus crassifolia

N

North America

North America

N

N

3

3

2.09±0.09

Ulmus davidiana

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

2

3±0

Ulmus glabra

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.53±0.13

2.41±0.13

2.03±0.44

Ulmus laciniata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3±0

2

2.75±0.25

Ulmus laevis

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.67±0.2

1.45±0.22

2.83

Ulmus minor

Y

Europe

Europe

N

N

3.36±0.11

3.39±0.15

2.06±0.07

Ulmus parvifolia

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

2.88±0.12

1.27±0.27

Ulmus pumila

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.5±0.5

3.35±0.35

1.52±0.02

Ulmus rubra

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.31±0.19

3

1.73±0.24

Ulmus thomasii

N

North America

North America

N

N

3.22±0.28

2

1

Umbellularia californica

N

North America

North America

Y

N

3.84±0.16

2

0.95±0.05

Vaccinium arboreum

N

North America

North America

Y

N

2

3±0

2

Vaccinium corymbosum

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

2

3.5±0.5

Vaccinium erythrocarpum

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1

2

3

Vaccinium japonicum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.83±0.6

4

2.5±0.5

Vaccinium macrocarpon

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.99±0.01

1.68±0.32

3.1±0.1

Vaccinium myrtillus

N

Europe

North America

N

N

3.02±0.19

2.6±0.4

2.92±0.08

Vaccinium oxycoccus

Y

Europe

North America

Y

N

1.56±0.19

0.32±0.42

4.45±0.18

Vaccinium smallii

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.67±0.67

4

2.5±0.5

Vaccinium uliginosum

Y

Europe

North America

Y

N

2.29±0.19

2.21

3.19

Vaccinium vitis idaea

N

Europe

North America

Y

N

2.29±0.19

3.46±0.42

3.19

Veronica fruticans

N

Europe

Europe

Y

N

1.2±0

3.46±0.42

1.04

Viburnum dentatum

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2

2.5±0.5

Viburnum furcatum

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

3.33±0.33

1.5

3

Viburnum lantana

N

Europe

Europe

N

N

1.93±0

3.46±0.42

1.68±0.09

Viburnum lentago

N

North America

North America

N

N

4

2

2.5±0

Viburnum opulus

N

Europe

North America

N

N

2.66±0

2.21

2.06±0.07

Viburnum rufidulum

N

North America

North America

N

N

2

3

3

Weigela hortensis

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.17±0.17

2.5±0.5

2.5±0.5

Yucca brevifolia

N

North America

North America

Y

N

1.17±0.17

4.95

1.53

Zanthoxylum ailanthoides

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2

4

1

Zanthoxylum clava herculis

N

North America

North America

N

N

2.5

4±0

1

Zelkova serrata

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

2.09±0.09

3.35±0.35

1.02±0.02

Zizyphus jujuba

N

East Asia

East Asia

N

N

1.35

4.95

1.53



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