Ecological Archives M083-018-A1
Brett M. Raczka, Kenneth J. Davis, Deborah Huntzinger, Ronald P. Neilson, Benjamin Poulter, Andrew D. Richardson, Jingfeng Xiao, Ian Baker, Philippe Ciais, Trevor F. Keenan, Beverly Law, Wilfred M. Post, Daniel Ricciuto, Kevin Schaefer, Hanqin Tian, Enrico Tomelleri, Hans Verbeeck, Nicolas Viovy. 2013. Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations. Ecological Monographs 83:531–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0893.1
Appendix A. Tables and figures providing statistical support including representation of the differences between the regional and site level protocols and of model bias, correlation, and variability statistics.
Table A1. Differences in simulation setup between site-level and regional-level crossover models.
Crossover Models1 |
Radiation |
Temperature |
Vegetation |
Disturbance |
Spatial Resolution |
Other |
||||||
|
site |
regional |
site |
regional |
site |
regional |
site |
regional |
site |
regional2 |
site |
regional |
BEPS |
site obs |
NCEP |
site obs |
NCEP |
site obs |
GLC2000 |
Site Synthesis acillary data files |
none |
~1 km² |
1° |
|
|
CLM-CN |
site obs |
NCEP |
site obs |
NCEP |
site obs |
MODIS |
Site Synthesis ancillary data files |
prescribed land use, prognostic fire |
~1 km² |
2.8° |
carbon pools initialized from observations or similar sites, run from year 1900 |
~400 year spinup to initialize carbon pools |
CAN-IBIS |
site obs |
CFS spatial data |
site obs |
CFS spatial data |
site obs |
Dynamic |
Site Synthesis ancillary data files |
prognostic fire |
~1 km² |
1° |
|
|
DLEM |
site obs |
NARR |
site obs |
NARR, PRISM |
site obs |
Tian et al. (2010) |
Site Synthesis ancillary data files |
prescribed land use |
~1 km² |
|
|
|
ISAM |
|
N/A |
site obs |
Mitchell et al. (2005) |
site obs |
Loveland and Belward (1997), Haxeltine and Prentice (1996)3 |
Site Synthesis ancillary data files |
prescribed land use |
~1 km² |
1° |
|
|
LPJ-wsl |
Site obs (LW and SW radiation) |
CRU05 (cloud cover derived LW and SW radiation) |
site obs (daily) |
CRU05 (monthly interpolated to daily) |
site obs (IGBP) |
Dynamic |
None (no fire, harvest, management, or stand age adjustments) |
prognostic fire |
~1 km² |
0.5° |
SPIN UP: 1000 year, with pre-industrial CO2, recycled site climate. TRANSIENT: 100 year transient CO2 and recycled site climate (1901-site data) |
SPIN UP: 1000 year, with pre- Industrial CO2, recycled 1901–1930 CRU. TRANSIENT: 106 year transient CO2 with observed CRU |
ORCHIDEE |
site obs |
CRU, NCEP |
site obs |
CRU, NCEP |
site obs |
MODIS UMD5 |
None (no fire, harvest, management, or stand age adjustments) |
crop harvest4 |
~1 km² |
0.5° |
SPIN UP: 2000 years, recycled site climate. TRANSIENT: Increasing CO2 from 1850 onward. |
SPIN UP: Looped 1901–1930 climate and 1901 CO2 until equilibrium. TRANSIENT: 1930 to present with changing climate and CO2 |
1 More details of regional model driver data provided in Huntzinger et al. (2012).
2 Values represent the native (submitted) resolution of the model run. Regional interim synthesis aggregated all regional simulations to a minimum resolution of 1° before analysis was performed.
3 Loveland, T.R. and Belward, A.S., 1997. The IGBP-DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set, DISCover First Results. International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 18, no. 5, p. 3289–3295; Haxeltine, A., and I. C. Prentice (1996), BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10(4), 693–709, doi:10.1029/96GB02344
4 Crop havest assumes 40% biomass is emitted at crop sites.
5 (http://webmap.ornl.gov/wcsdown/wcsdown.jsp?dg_id=10004_17) to determine the crop areas, (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/vcf/) for all other vegetation.
Table A2. Flux biases (model output – observations) for all sites (g C/m²/yr).
|
|
BEPS |
CASA-GFED |
CASA-Trans |
CLM-CASA |
CLM-CN |
Can-IBIS |
DLEM |
EC-MOD |
ISAM |
LPJml |
MC1 |
MOD17+ |
NASACASA |
ORCHIDEE |
SIB3 |
TEM6 |
VEGAS2 |
All Models |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual NEE |
bias |
-20 |
138 |
157 |
95 |
116 |
132 |
145 |
-38 |
110 |
93 |
181 |
58 |
141 |
11 |
153 |
86 |
156 |
99 |
% bias |
-15 |
89 |
115 |
71 |
87 |
85 |
94 |
-24 |
71 |
60 |
98 |
37 |
96 |
7 |
99 |
79 |
101 |
64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual GPP |
bias |
109 |
47 |
- |
440 |
-45 |
1127 |
-121 |
7 |
- |
327 |
- |
-214 |
- |
666 |
1 |
-357 |
-337 |
43 |
% bias |
10 |
4 |
- |
41 |
-4 |
103 |
-11 |
1 |
- |
30 |
- |
-19 |
- |
60 |
0 |
-36 |
-31 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annual Re |
bias |
90 |
225 |
- |
535 |
71 |
1259 |
25 |
31 |
- |
420 |
- |
-156 |
- |
677 |
155 |
-271 |
-181 |
141 |
% bias |
10 |
24 |
- |
57 |
8 |
134 |
3 |
-3 |
- |
45 |
- |
-17 |
- |
72 |
16 |
-30 |
-19 |
15 |
Table A3. The overall modeled annual bias (model output-observations) for the 8 regional models using biased shortwave radiation data.
Annual Biases1, SW Radiation (g C/m²/year) |
||||||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
RE |
|||||||
|
Bias |
% |
Δ* |
Bias |
% |
Δ |
Bias |
% |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
pos |
143 |
77 |
44 |
-459 |
-28 |
-12 |
-316 |
-22 |
33 |
neg |
99 |
48 |
-447 |
-24 |
-348 |
-21 |
||||
DBF |
pos |
133 |
74 |
99 |
0 |
0 |
-376 |
133 |
13 |
-277 |
neg |
34 |
20 |
376 |
32 |
410 |
41 |
||||
CROP |
pos |
208 |
82 |
47 |
77 |
6 |
-734 |
284 |
30 |
-687 |
neg |
161 |
56 |
811 |
65 |
971 |
101 |
||||
ENFB |
pos |
34 |
93 |
88 |
146 |
21 |
-353 |
180 |
28 |
-265 |
neg |
-55 |
-162 |
499 |
72 |
444 |
68 |
||||
GRASS |
pos |
72 |
81 |
40 |
114 |
20 |
-401 |
186 |
39 |
-361 |
neg |
32 |
26 |
515 |
84 |
547 |
112 |
||||
MISC |
pos |
67 |
83 |
64 |
299 |
41 |
-333 |
366 |
57 |
-269 |
neg |
3 |
3 |
632 |
81 |
634 |
93 |
||||
All Sites |
pos |
113 |
78 |
79 |
-12 |
-1 |
-365 |
101 |
11 |
-285 |
neg |
34 |
24 |
353 |
33 |
387 |
42 |
1 Bias values are calculated by grouping all model flux data together and calculating one overall bias value.
*The ‘Δ’ value is the difference between the model groupings (positive grouping-negative grouping).
Table A4. GPP biases for selected regional models that use shortwave radiation products with known biases.
Regional Models |
GPP Annual Bias (g C/m²/year) |
Radiation1 |
Phenology |
Photo-synthesis |
Soil Decomp |
|||||||
|
ENFT |
DBF |
CROP |
ENFB |
GRASS |
MISC |
All Sites |
|
|
|
|
|
BEPS |
region |
-319 |
205 |
-217 |
180 |
176 |
583 |
109 |
NCEP |
Custom LAI |
EK |
1st order, w/N |
site |
-898 |
57 |
61 |
-46 |
-228 |
5 |
-217 |
|||||
Δ |
579 |
148 |
-277 |
226 |
404 |
578 |
326 |
|||||
CLM-CN |
region |
-367 |
-110 |
-29 |
353 |
-87 |
234 |
-45 |
NCEP |
Prognostic |
EK |
1st order, w/N |
site |
-259 |
-379 |
- |
-188 |
- |
- |
-288 |
|||||
Δ |
-108 |
269 |
- |
541 |
- |
- |
243 |
|||||
DLEM |
region |
-695 |
-123 |
222 |
-8 |
48 |
221 |
-121 |
NARR |
Prognostic |
EK |
1st order, w/N |
site |
-330 |
53 |
-134 |
129 |
67 |
48 |
-43 |
|||||
Δ |
-365 |
-176 |
356 |
-137 |
-20 |
174 |
-78 |
|||||
ORCHIDEE |
region |
3 |
636 |
811 |
1044 |
850 |
945 |
666 |
CRU, NCEP |
Prognostic |
EK |
1st order, w/N |
site |
-171 |
501 |
-1063 |
447 |
-17 |
435 |
163 |
|||||
Δ |
174 |
134 |
1873 |
597 |
868 |
510 |
503 |
1 Orange shading indicates positive bias and blue shading negative/neutral bias.
Table A5. The overall modeled annual bias for all regional models presented by respiration formulation.
Annual Bias1, Soil Carbon Decomp Formulation (g C/m²/year) |
||||||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
RE |
|||||||
|
Bias |
% |
Δ |
Bias |
% |
Δ |
Bias |
% |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
nitrogen |
137 |
73 |
-31 |
-471 |
-28 |
-65 |
-365 |
-24 |
-163 |
n/nitrogen |
168 |
90 |
-406 |
-25 |
-202 |
-14 |
||||
DBF |
nitrogen |
106 |
59 |
-47 |
96 |
8 |
17 |
173 |
17 |
-56 |
n/nitrogen |
153 |
84 |
79 |
7 |
230 |
23 |
||||
CROP |
nitrogen |
192 |
74 |
-42 |
260 |
22 |
44 |
414 |
44 |
-26 |
n/nitrogen |
235 |
86 |
216 |
18 |
440 |
46 |
||||
ENFB |
nitrogen |
2 |
6 |
-5 |
302 |
44 |
-43 |
305 |
47 |
-45 |
n/nitrogen |
8 |
21 |
345 |
50 |
349 |
53 |
||||
GRASS |
nitrogen |
44 |
50 |
-40 |
217 |
38 |
-72 |
264 |
55 |
-102 |
n/nitrogen |
84 |
86 |
290 |
50 |
366 |
75 |
||||
MISC |
nitrogen |
41 |
49 |
-24 |
434 |
59 |
26 |
473 |
72 |
0 |
n/nitrogen |
65 |
79 |
408 |
56 |
473 |
73 |
||||
All Sites |
nitrogen |
93 |
63 |
-32 |
95 |
9 |
-4 |
165 |
18 |
-67 |
n/nitrogen |
125 |
84 |
99 |
9 |
232 |
25 |
Table A6. Within-site interannual correlation for all models.
Annual Correlation1, Within Site |
|||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
-0.03 |
-0.01 |
0.02 |
DBF |
0.05 |
0.18 |
0.14 |
CROP |
-0.21 |
-0.15 |
-0.03 |
ENFB |
0.20 |
0.43 |
0.42 |
GRASS |
0.09 |
0.32 |
0.31 |
MISC |
0.20 |
0.23 |
0.17 |
ALL SITES |
-0.01 |
0.11 |
0.10 |
1 All site-model years are grouped into a single data set, then correlation is calculated.
Table A7. Within-site annual correlation statistics for crossover models only.
Within-Site Annual Correlation1 (R value) |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
R |
Δ* |
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
region |
0.05 |
-0.23 |
-0.06 |
-0.29 |
-0.25 |
-0.43 |
site |
0.28 |
0.22 |
0.18 |
||||
DBF |
region |
0.01 |
-0.18 |
0.10 |
-0.43 |
0.19 |
-0.12 |
site |
0.19 |
0.52 |
0.30 |
||||
CROP |
region |
-0.21 |
-0.91 |
-0.14 |
-0.68 |
-0.02 |
-0.53 |
site |
0.70 |
0.53 |
0.51 |
||||
ENFB |
region |
0.21 |
-0.11 |
0.45 |
-0.14 |
0.43 |
0.02 |
site |
0.32 |
0.59 |
0.41 |
||||
GRASS |
region |
0.20 |
-0.29 |
0.41 |
-0.22 |
0.33 |
-0.25 |
site |
0.49 |
0.63 |
0.57 |
||||
MISC |
region |
0.19 |
0.05 |
0.25 |
-0.18 |
0.22 |
-0.06 |
site |
0.15 |
0.43 |
0.28 |
||||
All Sites |
region |
0.01 |
-0.24 |
0.09 |
-0.37 |
0.03 |
-0.21 |
site |
0.25 |
0.46 |
0.24 |
1 Correlation values are calculated by grouping all site-model points together.
* A negative delta value denotes loss of correlation for the regional runs as compared to the site runs.
Table A8. Within-site annual correlation grouped by photosynthetic formulation.
Annual Correlation1, Photosynthetic Formulation |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
EK |
-0.03 |
-0.12 |
0.02 |
0.19 |
0.00 |
0.04 |
LUE |
0.09 |
-0.17 |
-0.04 |
||||
DBF |
EK |
0.06 |
-0.18 |
0.17 |
-0.08 |
0.16 |
-0.02 |
LUE |
0.24 |
0.25 |
0.18 |
||||
CROP |
EK |
-0.21 |
0.00 |
-0.25 |
-0.33 |
-0.07 |
-0.34 |
LUE |
-0.21 |
0.09 |
0.28 |
||||
ENFB |
EK |
0.20 |
-0.12 |
0.42 |
-0.29 |
0.41 |
-0.24 |
LUE |
0.32 |
0.71 |
0.65 |
||||
GRASS |
EK |
0.16 |
0.10 |
0.31 |
-0.16 |
0.24 |
-0.40 |
LUE |
0.06 |
0.47 |
0.64 |
||||
MISC |
EK |
0.22 |
-0.11 |
0.25 |
-0.23 |
0.19 |
-0.12 |
LUE |
0.33 |
0.48 |
0.31 |
||||
All Sites |
EK |
0.00 |
-0.08 |
0.10 |
-0.08 |
0.08 |
-0.09 |
LUE |
0.09 |
0.19 |
0.17 |
1 Correlation values are calculated by grouping all site-model points together.
Table A9. Across-site annual correlation for all models.
Annual Correlation1, Across Site |
|||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
0.11 |
0.55 |
0.44 |
DBF |
0.22 |
0.38 |
0.19 |
CROP |
-0.13 |
-0.48 |
-0.44 |
ENFB |
-0.05 |
-0.03 |
-0.02 |
GRASS |
0.05 |
0.51 |
0.58 |
MISC |
0.02 |
0.29 |
0.30 |
ALL SITES |
0.18 |
0.36 |
0.29 |
1 All site-model years are grouped into a single data set, then correlation is calculated.
Table A10. Within site annual variability for all models.
Within-Site Annual Variability, Normalized SD1, (σ/σobs) |
|||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
0.33 |
0.51 |
0.23 |
DBF |
0.51 |
0.69 |
0.89 |
CROP |
0.38 |
0.39 |
1.00 |
ENFB |
2.81 |
2.39 |
2.03 |
GRASS |
0.90 |
0.62 |
0.61 |
MISC |
1.75 |
0.97 |
0.91 |
ALL SITES |
0.51 |
0.63 |
0.56 |
1 The modeled standard deviation is normalized with respect to the observations, and calculated from model mean.
Table A11. Within-site annual variability for crossover models only.
Within-Site Annual Variability (σ/σobs) |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
region |
0.31 |
-0.04 |
0.73 |
0.10 |
0.32 |
-0.02 |
site |
0.35 |
0.63 |
0.34 |
||||
DBF |
region |
0.63 |
-0.45 |
1.00 |
-0.39 |
1.28 |
-0.59 |
site |
1.08 |
1.39 |
1.87 |
||||
CROP |
region |
0.41 |
-0.11 |
0.45 |
-0.35 |
1.19 |
-0.52 |
site |
0.52 |
0.80 |
1.71 |
||||
ENFB |
region |
3.49 |
0.95 |
3.31 |
1.85 |
2.86 |
1.00 |
site |
2.53 |
1.46 |
1.86 |
||||
GRASS |
region |
0.97 |
0.08 |
0.68 |
-0.15 |
0.77 |
-0.13 |
site |
0.89 |
0.83 |
0.90 |
||||
MISC |
region |
1.99 |
0.24 |
1.20 |
0.17 |
1.29 |
0.21 |
site |
1.75 |
1.04 |
1.09 |
||||
All Sites |
region |
0.63 |
-0.14 |
0.86 |
-0.06 |
0.77 |
-0.16 |
site |
0.77 |
0.92 |
0.93 |
Table A12. Within-site annual variability displayed by photosynthetic formulation.
Annual Variability (σ/σobs), Photosynthetic Formulation, within-site |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
EK |
0.27 |
0.11 |
0.45 |
0.03 |
0.22 |
0.04 |
LUE |
0.16 |
0.42 |
0.18 |
||||
DBF |
EK |
0.59 |
0.30 |
0.66 |
0.06 |
0.89 |
0.28 |
LUE |
0.29 |
0.60 |
0.61 |
||||
CROP |
EK |
0.44 |
0.29 |
0.32 |
0.03 |
0.91 |
0.39 |
LUE |
0.15 |
0.30 |
0.53 |
||||
ENFB |
EK |
2.75 |
1.12 |
2.16 |
0.67 |
1.96 |
0.57 |
LUE |
1.63 |
1.48 |
1.39 |
||||
GRASS |
EK |
0.84 |
0.57 |
0.50 |
0.16 |
0.57 |
0.25 |
LUE |
0.27 |
0.34 |
0.32 |
||||
MISC |
EK |
0.62 |
0.38 |
1.04 |
0.55 |
1.06 |
0.64 |
LUE |
0.23 |
0.49 |
0.42 |
||||
All Sites |
EK |
0.62 |
0.38 |
0.61 |
0.16 |
0.57 |
0.22 |
LUE |
0.23 |
0.45 |
0.36 |
Table A13. Within-site annual variability displayed by soil carbon decomposition formulation.
Annual Variability (σ/σobs), Photosynthetic Formulation, within-site |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
nitrogen |
0.27 |
0.10 |
0.43 |
-0.04 |
0.20 |
-0.01 |
n/nitrogen |
0.18 |
0.47 |
0.21 |
||||
DBF |
nitrogen |
0.59 |
0.33 |
0.74 |
0.18 |
1.01 |
0.33 |
n/nitrogen |
0.27 |
0.56 |
0.68 |
||||
CROP |
nitrogen |
0.37 |
0.20 |
0.41 |
0.17 |
1.11 |
0.59 |
n/nitrogen |
0.17 |
0.24 |
0.52 |
||||
ENFB |
nitrogen |
2.35 |
0.00 |
2.06 |
-0.15 |
2.16 |
0.51 |
n/nitrogen |
2.36 |
2.21 |
1.65 |
||||
GRASS |
nitrogen |
1.16 |
0.85 |
0.55 |
0.19 |
0.69 |
0.31 |
n/nitrogen |
0.31 |
0.36 |
0.37 |
||||
MISC |
nitrogen |
1.86 |
1.10 |
1.13 |
0.37 |
1.16 |
0.46 |
n/nitrogen |
0.76 |
0.76 |
0.70 |
||||
All Sites |
nitrogen |
0.58 |
0.31 |
0.67 |
0.16 |
0.64 |
0.22 |
n/nitrogen |
0.27 |
0.51 |
0.41 |
Table A14. Across-site annual variability for all models.
Across-Site Annual Variability, Normalized SD1, (σ/σobs) |
|||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
0.51 |
0.97 |
1.12 |
DBF |
0.37 |
1.62 |
2.28 |
CROP |
0.37 |
0.90 |
1.04 |
ENFB |
0.90 |
1.50 |
1.78 |
GRASS |
- |
- |
- |
MISC |
0.81 |
2.39 |
2.45 |
ALL SITES |
0.44 |
0.94 |
1.07 |
1 Standard deviation is normalized by observations and calculated from model mean.
Table A15. Monthly correlation for all models.
Monthly Correlation1 |
|||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
0.41 |
0.77 |
0.64 |
DBF |
0.63 |
0.85 |
0.76 |
CROP |
0.20 |
0.46 |
0.55 |
ENFB |
0.48 |
0.82 |
0.80 |
GRASS |
0.40 |
0.48 |
0.38 |
MISC |
0.53 |
0.73 |
0.64 |
ALL SITES |
0.43 |
0.70 |
0.63 |
1 Overall correlation is calculated by grouping all site-model data pairs into one single data set.
Table A16. Monthly correlation for crossover models only.
Monthly Correlation1 |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
region |
0.39 |
-0.06 |
0.75 |
-0.08 |
0.60 |
-0.10 |
site |
0.46 |
0.83 |
0.70 |
||||
DBF |
region |
0.56 |
-0.08 |
0.77 |
-0.11 |
0.67 |
-0.15 |
site |
0.63 |
0.88 |
0.82 |
||||
CROP |
region |
0.00 |
-0.60 |
0.31 |
-0.34 |
0.44 |
-0.23 |
site |
0.60 |
0.65 |
0.67 |
||||
ENFB |
region |
0.49 |
-0.11 |
0.80 |
-0.08 |
0.78 |
-0.05 |
site |
0.61 |
0.88 |
0.82 |
||||
GRASS |
region |
0.32 |
-0.12 |
0.43 |
-0.25 |
0.32 |
-0.20 |
site |
0.44 |
0.68 |
0.52 |
||||
MISC |
region |
0.46 |
0.05 |
0.75 |
-0.05 |
0.66 |
-0.09 |
site |
0.41 |
0.80 |
0.75 |
||||
All Sites |
region |
0.33 |
-0.22 |
0.64 |
-0.17 |
0.58 |
-0.14 |
site |
0.55 |
0.82 |
0.72 |
1 Correlation is calculated from all site–model data pairs in each grouping.
Table A17. Monthly correlation grouped by photosynthetic formulation.
Monthly Correlation, Photosynthetic Formulation |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
EK |
0.43 |
-0.01 |
0.78 |
-0.02 |
0.63 |
-0.07 |
LUE |
0.43 |
0.79 |
0.70 |
||||
DBF |
EK |
0.66 |
-0.09 |
0.85 |
-0.03 |
0.76 |
-0.03 |
LUE |
0.75 |
0.88 |
0.78 |
||||
CROP |
EK |
0.04 |
-0.48 |
0.37 |
-0.22 |
0.53 |
-0.07 |
LUE |
0.52 |
0.59 |
0.60 |
||||
ENFB |
EK |
0.51 |
0.06 |
0.82 |
-0.07 |
0.79 |
-0.11 |
LUE |
0.45 |
0.89 |
0.89 |
||||
GRASS |
EK |
0.38 |
-0.14 |
0.47 |
-0.05 |
0.37 |
-0.05 |
LUE |
0.51 |
0.51 |
0.42 |
||||
MISC |
EK |
0.54 |
-0.08 |
0.75 |
0.07 |
0.67 |
0.07 |
LUE |
0.61 |
0.69 |
0.60 |
||||
All Sites |
EK |
0.40 |
-0.18 |
0.68 |
-0.05 |
0.63 |
-0.03 |
LUE |
0.57 |
0.73 |
0.66 |
Table A18. Monthly correlation grouped by soil carbon decomposition formulation.
Monthly Correlation, Soil Carbon Decomp Formulation |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
R |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
nitrogen |
0.39 |
-0.01 |
0.71 |
-0.07 |
0.55 |
-0.13 |
n/nitrogen |
0.40 |
0.78 |
0.68 |
||||
DBF |
nitrogen |
0.55 |
-0.18 |
0.83 |
-0.05 |
0.72
|
-0.09 |
n/nitrogen |
0.72 |
0.88 |
0.81 |
||||
CROP |
nitrogen |
-0.03 |
-0.46 |
0.21 |
-0.38 |
0.41 |
-0.25 |
n/nitrogen |
0.43 |
0.59 |
0.66 |
||||
ENFB |
nitrogen |
0.45 |
-0.10 |
0.81 |
-0.05 |
0.79 |
-0.04 |
n/nitrogen |
0.55 |
0.86 |
0.83 |
||||
GRASS |
nitrogen |
0.27 |
-0.18 |
0.39 |
-0.08 |
0.31 |
-0.11 |
n/nitrogen |
0.45 |
0.47 |
0.42 |
||||
MISC |
nitrogen |
0.49 |
-0.12 |
0.73 |
-0.03 |
0.64 |
-0.06 |
n/nitrogen |
0.61 |
0.77 |
0.70 |
||||
All Sites |
nitrogen |
0.31 |
-0.20 |
0.62 |
-0.10 |
0.57 |
-0.12 |
n/nitrogen |
0.51 |
0.73 |
0.68 |
Table A19. Monthly normalized variability for all models.
Monthly Variability1 |
|||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
0.90 |
0.84 |
0.74 |
DBF |
0.63 |
0.93 |
1.28 |
CROP |
0.52 |
0.66 |
0.95 |
ENFB |
1.82 |
1.51 |
1.32 |
GRASS |
0.82 |
0.88 |
1.15 |
MISC |
1.25 |
1.48 |
1.57 |
ALL SITES |
0.69 |
0.90 |
0.99 |
1 Variability is calculated by grouping all site-model data and observed data together.
Table A20. Monthly normalized variablity for crossover models only.
Monthly Variability (σ/σobs) |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
region |
1.01 |
0.14 |
1.06 |
0.29 |
1.02 |
0.35 |
site |
0.87 |
0.77 |
0.67 |
||||
DBF |
region |
0.63 |
0.01 |
1.10 |
0.17 |
1.77 |
0.40 |
site |
0.62 |
0.94 |
1.37 |
||||
CROP |
region |
0.55 |
-0.04 |
0.76 |
0.13 |
1.26 |
0.36 |
site |
0.59 |
0.63 |
0.91 |
||||
ENFB |
region |
1.86 |
0.60 |
1.69 |
0.40 |
1.58 |
0.26 |
site |
1.26 |
1.29 |
1.31 |
||||
GRASS |
region |
0.89 |
-0.02 |
0.94 |
0.14 |
1.31 |
0.31 |
site |
0.91 |
0.80 |
1.00 |
||||
MISC |
region |
1.37 |
0.05 |
1.68 |
0.35 |
1.91 |
0.50 |
site |
1.31 |
1.32 |
1.41 |
||||
All Sites |
region |
0.73 |
0.00 |
1.06 |
0.18 |
1.32 |
0.34 |
site |
0.72 |
0.88 |
0.97 |
Table A21. Monthly normalized variability grouped by photosynthetic formulation.
Monthly Variability (σ/σobs), Photosynthetic Formulation |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
EK |
0.96 |
0.16 |
0.89 |
0.16 |
0.79 |
0.16 |
LUE |
0.80 |
0.73 |
0.63 |
||||
DBF |
EK |
0.67 |
0.11 |
0.97 |
0.12 |
1.34 |
0.19 |
LUE |
0.56 |
0.84 |
1.15 |
||||
CROP |
EK |
0.60 |
0.27 |
0.68 |
0.14 |
1.01 |
0.21 |
LUE |
0.33 |
0.54 |
0.80 |
||||
ENFB |
EK |
2.05 |
0.52 |
1.64 |
0.44 |
1.44 |
0.39 |
LUE |
1.53 |
1.20 |
1.04 |
||||
GRASS |
EK |
0.86 |
0.14 |
0.92 |
0.13 |
1.24 |
0.27 |
LUE |
0.72 |
0.79 |
0.98 |
||||
MISC |
EK |
1.40 |
0.34 |
1.56 |
0.25 |
1.65 |
0.23 |
LUE |
1.06 |
1.31 |
1.42 |
||||
All Sites |
EK |
0.77 |
0.20 |
0.95 |
0.17 |
1.06 |
0.19 |
LUE |
0.57 |
0.78 |
0.86 |
Table A22. Monthly normalized variability grouped by soil carbon decomposition formulation.
Monthly Variability (σ/σobs), Soil Carbon Decomp Formulation |
|||||||
|
NEE |
GPP |
Re |
||||
|
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
σ |
Δ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ENFT |
nitrogen |
0.93 |
0.17 |
0.85 |
-0.05 |
0.75 |
-0.07 |
n/nitrogen |
0.76 |
0.90 |
0.82 |
||||
DBF |
nitrogen |
0.67 |
0.18 |
0.97 |
0.05 |
1.30 |
-0.06 |
n/nitrogen |
0.49 |
0.92 |
1.36 |
||||
CROP |
nitrogen |
0.60 |
0.25 |
0.70 |
0.05 |
1.00 |
-0.01 |
n/nitrogen |
0.35 |
0.65 |
1.00 |
||||
ENFB |
nitrogen |
1.99 |
0.04 |
1.63 |
-0.04 |
1.38 |
-0.08 |
n/nitrogen |
1.95 |
1.66 |
1.47 |
||||
GRASS |
nitrogen |
0.89 |
0.15 |
0.91 |
-0.04 |
1.23 |
-0.02 |
n/nitrogen |
0.74 |
0.95 |
1.25 |
||||
MISC |
nitrogen |
1.34 |
0.21 |
1.60 |
0.07 |
1.65 |
-0.07 |
n/nitrogen |
1.13 |
1.53 |
1.72 |
||||
All Sites |
nitrogen |
0.75 |
0.18 |
0.96 |
0.03 |
1.02 |
-0.06 |
n/nitrogen |
0.57 |
0.92 |
1.08 |
Fig. A1. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for all regional models (Canibis excluded). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty. The dashed lines that bound the average modeled values are ± 1 sigma across model variation. The dashed lines are not a representation of model uncertainty.
Fig. A2. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for crossover models only (Canibis included). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty.
Fig. A3. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for photosynthetic model formulations (Canibis excluded). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty.
Fig. A4. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for soil carbon decomposition formulations (Canibis excluded). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty.
Fig. A5. Taylor diagrams of across-site annual fluxes. The model data is color coded by photosynthetic formulation.
Fig. A6. Taylor diagrams of monthly fluxes. The model data is color coded by soil carbon decomposition formulation. All site-model pairs are grouped and then one stat value is calculated (no averaging).