Ecological Archives M083-018-A1

Brett M. Raczka, Kenneth J. Davis, Deborah Huntzinger, Ronald P. Neilson, Benjamin Poulter, Andrew D. Richardson, Jingfeng Xiao, Ian Baker, Philippe Ciais, Trevor F. Keenan, Beverly Law, Wilfred M. Post, Daniel Ricciuto, Kevin Schaefer, Hanqin Tian, Enrico Tomelleri, Hans Verbeeck, Nicolas Viovy. 2013. Evaluation of continental carbon cycle simulations with North American flux tower observations. Ecological Monographs 83:531–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0893.1

Appendix A. Tables and figures providing statistical support including representation of the differences between the regional and site level protocols and of model bias, correlation, and variability statistics.

Table A1. Differences in simulation setup between site-level and regional-level crossover models.

Crossover Models1

Radiation

Temperature

Vegetation

Disturbance

Spatial Resolution

Other

 

site

regional

site

regional

site

regional

site

regional

site

regional2

site

regional

BEPS

site obs

NCEP

site obs

NCEP

site obs

GLC2000

Site Synthesis acillary data files

none

~1 km²

 

 

CLM-CN

site obs

NCEP

site obs

NCEP

site obs

MODIS

Site Synthesis ancillary data files

prescribed land use, prognostic fire

~1 km²

2.8°

carbon pools initialized from observations or similar sites, run from year 1900

~400 year spinup to initialize carbon pools

CAN-IBIS

site obs

CFS spatial data

site obs

CFS spatial data

site obs

Dynamic

Site Synthesis ancillary data files

prognostic fire

~1 km²

 

 

DLEM

site obs

NARR

site obs

NARR, PRISM

site obs

Tian et al. (2010)

Site Synthesis ancillary data files

prescribed land use

~1 km²

 

 

 

ISAM

 

N/A

site obs

Mitchell et al. (2005)

site obs

Loveland and Belward (1997), Haxeltine and Prentice (1996)3

Site Synthesis ancillary data files

prescribed land use

~1 km²

 

LPJ-wsl

Site obs (LW and SW radiation)

CRU05 (cloud cover derived LW and SW radiation)

site obs (daily)

CRU05 (monthly interpolated to daily)

site obs (IGBP)

Dynamic

None (no fire, harvest, management, or stand age adjustments)

prognostic fire

~1 km²

0.5°

SPIN UP: 1000 year, with pre-industrial CO2, recycled site climate. TRANSIENT: 100 year transient CO2 and recycled site climate (1901-site data)

SPIN UP: 1000 year, with pre- Industrial CO2, recycled 1901–1930 CRU. TRANSIENT: 106 year transient CO2 with observed CRU

ORCHIDEE

site obs

CRU, NCEP

site obs

CRU, NCEP

site obs

MODIS UMD5

None (no fire, harvest, management, or stand age adjustments)

crop harvest4

~1 km²

0.5°

SPIN UP: 2000 years, recycled site climate. TRANSIENT: Increasing CO2 from 1850 onward.

SPIN UP: Looped 1901–1930 climate and 1901 CO2 until equilibrium. TRANSIENT: 1930 to present with changing climate and CO2

1 More details of regional model driver data provided in Huntzinger et al. (2012).

2 Values represent the native (submitted) resolution of the model run. Regional interim synthesis aggregated all regional simulations to a minimum resolution of 1° before analysis was performed.

3 Loveland, T.R. and Belward, A.S., 1997. The IGBP-DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set, DISCover First Results. International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 18, no. 5, p. 3289–3295; Haxeltine, A., and I. C. Prentice (1996), BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10(4), 693–709, doi:10.1029/96GB02344

4 Crop havest assumes 40% biomass is emitted at crop sites.

5 (http://webmap.ornl.gov/wcsdown/wcsdown.jsp?dg_id=10004_17) to determine the crop areas, (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/vcf/) for all other vegetation.

 

Table A2. Flux biases (model output – observations) for all sites (g C/m²/yr).

 

 

BEPS

CASA-GFED

CASA-Trans

CLM-CASA

CLM-CN

Can-IBIS

DLEM

EC-MOD

ISAM

LPJml

MC1

MOD17+

NASACASA

ORCHIDEE

SIB3

TEM6

VEGAS2

All Models

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Annual

NEE

bias

-20

138

157

95

116

132

145

-38

110

93

181

58

141

11

153

86

156

99

% bias

-15

89

115

71

87

85

94

-24

71

60

98

37

96

7

99

79

101

64

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Annual GPP

bias

109

47

-

440

-45

1127

-121

7

-

327

-

-214

-

666

1

-357

-337

43

% bias

10

4

-

41

-4

103

-11

1

-

30

-

-19

-

60

0

-36

-31

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Annual Re

bias

90

225

-

535

71

1259

25

31

-

420

-

-156

-

677

155

-271

-181

141

% bias

10

24

-

57

8

134

3

-3

-

45

-

-17

-

72

16

-30

-19

15

 

Table A3. The overall modeled annual bias (model output-observations) for the 8 regional models using biased shortwave radiation data.

Annual Biases1, SW Radiation (g C/m²/year)

 

NEE

GPP

RE

 

Bias

%

Δ*

Bias

%

Δ

Bias

%

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

pos

143

77

44

-459

-28

-12

-316

-22

33

neg

99

48

-447

-24

-348

-21

DBF

pos

133

74

99

0

0

-376

133

13

-277

neg

34

20

376

32

410

41

CROP

pos

208

82

47

77

6

-734

284

30

-687

neg

161

56

811

65

971

101

ENFB

pos

34

93

88

146

21

-353

180

28

-265

neg

-55

-162

499

72

444

68

GRASS

pos

72

81

40

114

20

-401

186

39

-361

neg

32

26

515

84

547

112

MISC

pos

67

83

64

299

41

-333

366

57

-269

neg

3

3

632

81

634

93

All Sites

pos

113

78

79

-12

-1

-365

101

11

-285

neg

34

24

353

33

387

42

1 Bias values are calculated by grouping all model flux data together and calculating one overall bias value.

*The ‘Δ’ value is the difference between the model groupings (positive grouping-negative grouping).


Table A4. GPP biases for selected regional models that use shortwave radiation products with known biases.

Regional Models

GPP Annual Bias (g C/m²/year)

Radiation1

Phenology

Photo-synthesis

Soil Decomp

 

ENFT

DBF

CROP

ENFB

GRASS

MISC

All Sites

 

 

 

 

BEPS

region

-319

205

-217

180

176

583

109

NCEP

Custom LAI

EK

1st order, w/N

site

-898

57

61

-46

-228

5

-217

Δ

579

148

-277

226

404

578

326

CLM-CN

region

-367

-110

-29

353

-87

234

-45

NCEP

Prognostic

EK

1st order, w/N

site

-259

-379

-

-188

-

-

-288

Δ

-108

269

-

541

-

-

243

DLEM

region

-695

-123

222

-8

48

221

-121

NARR

Prognostic

EK

1st order, w/N

site

-330

53

-134

129

67

48

-43

Δ

-365

-176

356

-137

-20

174

-78

ORCHIDEE

region

3

636

811

1044

850

945

666

CRU, NCEP

Prognostic

EK

1st order, w/N

site

-171

501

-1063

447

-17

435

163

Δ

174

134

1873

597

868

510

503

1 Orange shading indicates positive bias and blue shading negative/neutral bias.

 

Table A5. The overall modeled annual bias for all regional models presented by respiration formulation.

Annual Bias1, Soil Carbon Decomp Formulation (g C/m²/year)

 

NEE

GPP

RE

 

Bias

%

Δ

Bias

%

Δ

Bias

%

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

nitrogen

137

73

-31

-471

-28

-65

-365

-24

-163

n/nitrogen

168

90

-406

-25

-202

-14

DBF

nitrogen

106

59

-47

96

8

17

173

17

-56

n/nitrogen

153

84

79

7

230

23

CROP

nitrogen

192

74

-42

260

22

44

414

44

-26

n/nitrogen

235

86

216

18

440

46

ENFB

nitrogen

2

6

-5

302

44

-43

305

47

-45

n/nitrogen

8

21

345

50

349

53

GRASS

nitrogen

44

50

-40

217

38

-72

264

55

-102

n/nitrogen

84

86

290

50

366

75

MISC

nitrogen

41

49

-24

434

59

26

473

72

0

n/nitrogen

65

79

408

56

473

73

All Sites

nitrogen

93

63

-32

95

9

-4

165

18

-67

n/nitrogen

125

84

99

9

232

25

 

Table A6. Within-site interannual correlation for all models.

Annual Correlation1, Within Site

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

 

 

 

ENFT

-0.03

-0.01

0.02

DBF

0.05

0.18

0.14

CROP

-0.21

-0.15

-0.03

ENFB

0.20

0.43

0.42

GRASS

0.09

0.32

0.31

MISC

0.20

0.23

0.17

ALL SITES

-0.01

0.11

0.10

1 All site-model years are grouped into a single data set, then correlation is calculated.

 

Table A7. Within-site annual correlation statistics for crossover models only.

Within-Site Annual Correlation1 (R value)

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

R

Δ*

R

Δ

R

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

region

0.05

-0.23

-0.06

-0.29

-0.25

-0.43

site

0.28

0.22

0.18

DBF

region

0.01

-0.18

0.10

-0.43

0.19

-0.12

site

0.19

0.52

0.30

CROP

region

-0.21

-0.91

-0.14

-0.68

-0.02

-0.53

site

0.70

0.53

0.51

ENFB

region

0.21

-0.11

0.45

-0.14

0.43

0.02

site

0.32

0.59

0.41

GRASS

region

0.20

-0.29

0.41

-0.22

0.33

-0.25

site

0.49

0.63

0.57

MISC

region

0.19

0.05

0.25

-0.18

0.22

-0.06

site

0.15

0.43

0.28

All Sites

region

0.01

-0.24

0.09

-0.37

0.03

-0.21

site

0.25

0.46

0.24

1 Correlation values are calculated by grouping all site-model points together.

* A negative delta value denotes loss of correlation for the regional runs as compared to the site runs.


Table A8. Within-site annual correlation grouped by photosynthetic formulation.

 Annual Correlation1, Photosynthetic Formulation
within-site stats

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

R

Δ

R

Δ

R

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

EK

-0.03

-0.12

0.02

0.19

0.00

0.04

LUE

0.09

-0.17

-0.04

DBF

EK

0.06

-0.18

0.17

-0.08

0.16

-0.02

LUE

0.24

0.25

0.18

CROP

EK

-0.21

0.00

-0.25

-0.33

-0.07

-0.34

LUE

-0.21

0.09

0.28

ENFB

EK

0.20

-0.12

0.42

-0.29

0.41

-0.24

LUE

0.32

0.71

0.65

GRASS

EK

0.16

0.10

0.31

-0.16

0.24

-0.40

LUE

0.06

0.47

0.64

MISC

EK

0.22

-0.11

0.25

-0.23

0.19

-0.12

LUE

0.33

0.48

0.31

All Sites

EK

0.00

-0.08

0.10

-0.08

0.08

-0.09

LUE

0.09

0.19

0.17

1 Correlation values are calculated by grouping all site-model points together.


Table A9. Across-site annual correlation for all models.

Annual Correlation1, Across Site

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

 

 

 

ENFT

0.11

0.55

0.44

DBF

0.22

0.38

0.19

CROP

-0.13

-0.48

-0.44

ENFB

-0.05

-0.03

-0.02

GRASS

0.05

0.51

0.58

MISC

0.02

0.29

0.30

ALL SITES

0.18

0.36

0.29

1 All site-model years are grouped into a single data set, then correlation is calculated.


Table A10. Within site annual variability for all models.

Within-Site Annual Variability, Normalized SD1, (σ/σobs)

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

 

 

 

ENFT

0.33

0.51

0.23

DBF

0.51

0.69

0.89

CROP

0.38

0.39

1.00

ENFB

2.81

2.39

2.03

GRASS

0.90

0.62

0.61

MISC

1.75

0.97

0.91

ALL SITES

0.51

0.63

0.56

1 The modeled standard deviation is normalized with respect to the observations, and calculated from model mean.

 

Table A11. Within-site annual variability for crossover models only.

Within-Site Annual Variability (σ/σobs)

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

region

0.31

-0.04

0.73

0.10

0.32

-0.02

site

0.35

0.63

0.34

DBF

region

0.63

-0.45

1.00

-0.39

1.28

-0.59

site

1.08

1.39

1.87

CROP

region

0.41

-0.11

0.45

-0.35

1.19

-0.52

site

0.52

0.80

1.71

ENFB

region

3.49

0.95

3.31

1.85

2.86

1.00

site

2.53

1.46

1.86

GRASS

region

0.97

0.08

0.68

-0.15

0.77

-0.13

site

0.89

0.83

0.90

MISC

region

1.99

0.24

1.20

0.17

1.29

0.21

site

1.75

1.04

1.09

All Sites

region

0.63

-0.14

0.86

-0.06

0.77

-0.16

site

0.77

0.92

0.93

 

Table A12. Within-site annual variability displayed by photosynthetic formulation.

Annual Variability (σ/σobs), Photosynthetic Formulation, within-site

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

EK

0.27

0.11

0.45

0.03

0.22

0.04

LUE

0.16

0.42

0.18

DBF

EK

0.59

0.30

0.66

0.06

0.89

0.28

LUE

0.29

0.60

0.61

CROP

EK

0.44

0.29

0.32

0.03

0.91

0.39

LUE

0.15

0.30

0.53

ENFB

EK

2.75

1.12

2.16

0.67

1.96

0.57

LUE

1.63

1.48

1.39

GRASS

EK

0.84

0.57

0.50

0.16

0.57

0.25

LUE

0.27

0.34

0.32

MISC

EK

0.62

0.38

1.04

0.55

1.06

0.64

LUE

0.23

0.49

0.42

All Sites

EK

0.62

0.38

0.61

0.16

0.57

0.22

LUE

0.23

0.45

0.36

 

Table A13. Within-site annual variability displayed by soil carbon decomposition formulation.

Annual Variability (σ/σobs), Photosynthetic Formulation, within-site

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

nitrogen

0.27

0.10

0.43

-0.04

0.20

-0.01

n/nitrogen

0.18

0.47

0.21

DBF

nitrogen

0.59

0.33

0.74

0.18

1.01

0.33

n/nitrogen

0.27

0.56

0.68

CROP

nitrogen

0.37

0.20

0.41

0.17

1.11

0.59

n/nitrogen

0.17

0.24

0.52

ENFB

nitrogen

2.35

0.00

2.06

-0.15

2.16

0.51

n/nitrogen

2.36

2.21

1.65

GRASS

nitrogen

1.16

0.85

0.55

0.19

0.69

0.31

n/nitrogen

0.31

0.36

0.37

MISC

nitrogen

1.86

1.10

1.13

0.37

1.16

0.46

n/nitrogen

0.76

0.76

0.70

All Sites

nitrogen

0.58

0.31

0.67

0.16

0.64

0.22

n/nitrogen

0.27

0.51

0.41

 

Table A14. Across-site annual variability for all models.

Across-Site Annual Variability, Normalized SD1, (σ/σobs)

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

 

 

 

ENFT

0.51

0.97

1.12

DBF

0.37

1.62

2.28

CROP

0.37

0.90

1.04

ENFB

0.90

1.50

1.78

GRASS

-

-

-

MISC

0.81

2.39

2.45

ALL SITES

0.44

0.94

1.07

1 Standard deviation is normalized by observations and calculated from model mean.

 

Table A15. Monthly correlation for all models.

Monthly Correlation1

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

 

 

 

ENFT

0.41

0.77

0.64

DBF

0.63

0.85

0.76

CROP

0.20

0.46

0.55

ENFB

0.48

0.82

0.80

GRASS

0.40

0.48

0.38

MISC

0.53

0.73

0.64

ALL SITES

0.43

0.70

0.63

1 Overall correlation is calculated by grouping all site-model data pairs into one single data set.

 

Table A16. Monthly correlation for crossover models only.

Monthly Correlation1

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

R

Δ

R

Δ

R

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

region

0.39

-0.06

0.75

-0.08

0.60

-0.10

site

0.46

0.83

0.70

DBF

region

0.56

-0.08

0.77

-0.11

0.67

-0.15

site

0.63

0.88

0.82

CROP

region

0.00

-0.60

0.31

-0.34

0.44

-0.23

site

0.60

0.65

0.67

ENFB

region

0.49

-0.11

0.80

-0.08

0.78

-0.05

site

0.61

0.88

0.82

GRASS

region

0.32

-0.12

0.43

-0.25

0.32

-0.20

site

0.44

0.68

0.52

MISC

region

0.46

0.05

0.75

-0.05

0.66

-0.09

site

0.41

0.80

0.75

All Sites

region

0.33

-0.22

0.64

-0.17

0.58

-0.14

site

0.55

0.82

0.72

1 Correlation is calculated from all site–model data pairs in each grouping.

 

Table A17. Monthly correlation grouped by photosynthetic formulation.

Monthly Correlation, Photosynthetic Formulation

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

R

Δ

R

Δ

R

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

EK

0.43

-0.01

0.78

-0.02

0.63

-0.07

LUE

0.43

0.79

0.70

DBF

EK

0.66

-0.09

0.85

-0.03

0.76

-0.03

LUE

0.75

0.88

0.78

CROP

EK

0.04

-0.48

0.37

-0.22

0.53

-0.07

LUE

0.52

0.59

0.60

ENFB

EK

0.51

0.06

0.82

-0.07

0.79

-0.11

LUE

0.45

0.89

0.89

GRASS

EK

0.38

-0.14

0.47

-0.05

0.37

-0.05

LUE

0.51

0.51

0.42

MISC

EK

0.54

-0.08

0.75

0.07

0.67

0.07

LUE

0.61

0.69

0.60

All Sites

EK

0.40

-0.18

0.68

-0.05

0.63

-0.03

LUE

0.57

0.73

0.66


 

Table A18. Monthly correlation grouped by soil carbon decomposition formulation.

Monthly Correlation, Soil Carbon Decomp Formulation

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

R

Δ

R

Δ

R

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

nitrogen

0.39

-0.01

0.71

-0.07

0.55

-0.13

n/nitrogen

0.40

0.78

0.68

DBF

nitrogen

0.55

-0.18

0.83

-0.05

0.72

 

-0.09

n/nitrogen

0.72

0.88

0.81

CROP

nitrogen

-0.03

-0.46

0.21

-0.38

0.41

-0.25

n/nitrogen

0.43

0.59

0.66

ENFB

nitrogen

0.45

-0.10

0.81

-0.05

0.79

-0.04

n/nitrogen

0.55

0.86

0.83

GRASS

nitrogen

0.27

-0.18

0.39

-0.08

0.31

-0.11

n/nitrogen

0.45

0.47

0.42

MISC

nitrogen

0.49

-0.12

0.73

-0.03

0.64

-0.06

n/nitrogen

0.61

0.77

0.70

All Sites

nitrogen

0.31

-0.20

0.62

-0.10

0.57

-0.12

n/nitrogen

0.51

0.73

0.68


 

Table A19. Monthly normalized variability for all models.

Monthly Variability1
(σ/σobs)

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

 

 

 

ENFT

0.90

0.84

0.74

DBF

0.63

0.93

1.28

CROP

0.52

0.66

0.95

ENFB

1.82

1.51

1.32

GRASS

0.82

0.88

1.15

MISC

1.25

1.48

1.57

ALL SITES

0.69

0.90

0.99

1 Variability is calculated by grouping all site-model data and observed data together.

 

Table A20. Monthly normalized variablity for crossover models only.

Monthly Variability (σ/σobs)

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

region

1.01

0.14

1.06

0.29

1.02

0.35

site

0.87

0.77

0.67

DBF

region

0.63

0.01

1.10

0.17

1.77

0.40

site

0.62

0.94

1.37

CROP

region

0.55

-0.04

0.76

0.13

1.26

0.36

site

0.59

0.63

0.91

ENFB

region

1.86

0.60

1.69

0.40

1.58

0.26

site

1.26

1.29

1.31

GRASS

region

0.89

-0.02

0.94

0.14

1.31

0.31

site

0.91

0.80

1.00

MISC

region

1.37

0.05

1.68

0.35

1.91

0.50

site

1.31

1.32

1.41

All Sites

region

0.73

0.00

1.06

0.18

1.32

0.34

site

0.72

0.88

0.97


 

Table A21. Monthly normalized variability grouped by photosynthetic formulation.

Monthly Variability (σ/σobs), Photosynthetic Formulation

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

EK

0.96

0.16

0.89

0.16

0.79

0.16

LUE

0.80

0.73

0.63

DBF

EK

0.67

0.11

0.97

0.12

1.34

0.19

LUE

0.56

0.84

1.15

CROP

EK

0.60

0.27

0.68

0.14

1.01

0.21

LUE

0.33

0.54

0.80

ENFB

EK

2.05

0.52

1.64

0.44

1.44

0.39

LUE

1.53

1.20

1.04

GRASS

EK

0.86

0.14

0.92

0.13

1.24

0.27

LUE

0.72

0.79

0.98

MISC

EK

1.40

0.34

1.56

0.25

1.65

0.23

LUE

1.06

1.31

1.42

All Sites

EK

0.77

0.20

0.95

0.17

1.06

0.19

LUE

0.57

0.78

0.86


 

Table A22. Monthly normalized variability grouped by soil carbon decomposition formulation.

Monthly Variability (σ/σobs), Soil Carbon Decomp Formulation

 

NEE

GPP

Re

 

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

σ

Δ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ENFT

nitrogen

0.93

0.17

0.85

-0.05

0.75

-0.07

n/nitrogen

0.76

0.90

0.82

DBF

nitrogen

0.67

0.18

0.97

0.05

1.30

-0.06

n/nitrogen

0.49

0.92

1.36

CROP

nitrogen

0.60

0.25

0.70

0.05

1.00

-0.01

n/nitrogen

0.35

0.65

1.00

ENFB

nitrogen

1.99

0.04

1.63

-0.04

1.38

-0.08

n/nitrogen

1.95

1.66

1.47

GRASS

nitrogen

0.89

0.15

0.91

-0.04

1.23

-0.02

n/nitrogen

0.74

0.95

1.25

MISC

nitrogen

1.34

0.21

1.60

0.07

1.65

-0.07

n/nitrogen

1.13

1.53

1.72

All Sites

nitrogen

0.75

0.18

0.96

0.03

1.02

-0.06

n/nitrogen

0.57

0.92

1.08


FigA1

Fig. A1. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for all regional models (Canibis excluded). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty. The dashed lines that bound the average modeled values are ± 1 sigma across model variation. The dashed lines are not a representation of model uncertainty.


 

FigA2

Fig. A2. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for crossover models only (Canibis included). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty.


 

FigA3

Fig. A3. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for photosynthetic model formulations (Canibis excluded). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty.


 

FigA4

Fig. A4. Monthly averaged fluxes (g C/m²/month) for soil carbon decomposition formulations (Canibis excluded). The error bars on the observations are ± 1 sigma values (best and worst-case scenarios) calculated from monthly modeled uncertainty.


 

FigA5

Fig. A5. Taylor diagrams of across-site annual fluxes. The model data is color coded by photosynthetic formulation.


 

FigA6

Fig. A6. Taylor diagrams of monthly fluxes. The model data is color coded by soil carbon decomposition formulation. All site-model pairs are grouped and then one stat value is calculated (no averaging).


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